Change over Time: the Americas Essay

The social and economic transformations in the Americas occured as a result of new contacts with Europe and Africa from 1450-1750. Large scale European immigration occured shortly after the voyages of Christopher Columbus starting in 1492. Immagrants came over to flee from religious persecution, seek economic opprotunities, part of government sponsored attempts to found colonies, or forcibly transported there as slaves or prisoners. As more and more people came to America they brought with them crops, livestock, and diseases. The Columbian exchange greatly affected the American society. It brought with it diseases, crops, and livestock. There were devastating effects of Old World diseases on Native American populations. Infectious diseases, such as smallpox, resulted in the largest death toll in the New World. New foods became staples of human diets and new growing regions opened up for crops. Two of Americas major cash crops, sugar and coffee, come from Africa and Asia. Livestock from the Europe also flourished in the New World. One of Europeans first imports, the horse, changed th lives of many Native American tribes. Trade began to become a big part of life in America. The transatlantic triangular trade operated in the 17th and 18th centuries between West Africa, the Americas, and European colonial powers. The trade represented a profitable enterprise of enslaved Africans. The use of slaves was fundamental to growing the colonial cash crops in the New World. A constant problem in the Americas was the dissagreements between the Natives and the European settlers. The settlers imposed their economic and religious beliefs on the Natives. They often tried to convert them to the European way of living. Europeans took over their land by using their advanced technology and enslaved them as workers or maids on plantations. This led to the constant wars and revolts between these two groups and ended up in many deaths of not only the Natives but the settlers too.

Middle-Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice

Middle Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice Lisa M. Sanford Maryville University Middle Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice Nursing theory has three distinct categories to describe the level of abstraction: Grand, Middle-Range, and Situation-Specific (Meleis, 2012, p. 33). Hugh McKenna (1997) defined these three categories, stating: Grand theory is highly abstract and is broad in scope. Middle-range theory is more focused and is normally the end product of a research study.Narrow-range theory is even more specific and while also being based on research findings, it guides specific actions in the achievement of desirable goals (p. 17). When thinking about nursing theory, one might ask: What is the purpose of theory? Is it even relevant to current nursing practice? The best response to answer these questions I have found is from Meleis (2012): The primary uses of theory are to provide insights about nursing practice situations and to guide research. Through int eraction with practice, theory is shaped and guidelines for practice evolve.Research validates, refutes, and/or modifies theory as well as generates new theory. Theory then guides practice (p. 35). This explanation of theory by Meleis identifies nursing as a profession. Without theory to shape and guide nursing practice and research, nursing would not evolve and would remain stagnant. Additionally, without theory could nurses really claim that we are a profession? I think not. I believe that theory is necessary for the identity of nursing as a profession verses a vocation.The nursing profession as a whole has had issues with identity for various reasons. I believe this to be true in part due to the numerous educational ways of entering the profession. I cannot think of any other field where one could earn either a diploma, two-year associate’s degree or a four-year baccalaureate degree as a starting point into a profession. The educational debate still continues, however, in recent years more emphasis is being made to have the baccalaureate nurse the entry level of the nursing profession.Evidence from research has suggested that the baccalaureate-prepared nurse is associated with a five percent lower mortality rates in both the likelihood of patients dying within 30 days of admission and the odds of failure to rescue in hospitalized clients (Aiken, Clarke, Cheung, Sloane, & Silber, 2003, p. 1617). This research study was conducted because nursing is a profession. Would research in nursing even exist if there were no theory? All in all, taken to its end, the loss of theory could mean the demise of nursing as a profession.When reflecting on current trends of clinical practice, I feel that middle-range theories are more applicable. Middle-range theories are broad enough to incorporate in everyday clinical practice for the average floor nurse without being too narrow in scope as the situation-specific theories. Additionally, middle-range theories are less a bstract than grand theories and are easier to relate to and put into practice (Liehr & Smith, 1999, p. 85). One example of applying middle-range nursing theory into practice is patient education. Patient education is a major focus of the clients I serve post transplant.It is imperative that a newly transplanted client understand his/her medications that are such an integral part of their new life in order to maintain the transplanted organ. â€Å"Caring through Relation and Dialogue: A Middle-Range Theory for Patient Education is derived from the two disciplines of nursing and education† (Sanford, 2000, p. 8). According to Sanford (2000), A middle-range theory addressing the phenomenon of patient education through caring can add clarity and direction to this area of concern for nursing, and it can provide an opportunity to link theory, practice, and research (p. ). Caring and dialogue are described in this theory as follows: Dialogue is a process of naming our world. It is a process that opens the possibility for participants to pose problems, to critically reflect, and to perceive solutions not previously realized. This process occurs within a caring relation where the carer and the cared-for exhibit receptivity and engage in â€Å"reflection, invitation, assessment, revision, and further exploration† (p. 9). Another example of the applicability of middle-range theory is the theory of care transitions.A hot topic in today’s times involves hospital acquired conditions (HACs) and readmission rates. Medicare expenditures are estimated at $15 billion annually due to readmissions (Averill, et al. , 2009, p. 1). As a result, policymakers have implemented the The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, which eliminates any increase in hospital payments due to the occurrence of HACs. Furthermore, it is viewed that high readmission rates are a reflection of poor quality, and ospital payments for readmissions were recommended in the FY2010 budget from the O bama Administration to reduce payments for readmissions as one way of controlling Medicare expenditures (Averill, et al. , 2009, p. 1). As a staff nurse, I am all aware of the importance of HACs and the importance of diligent documentation. For example, when a client is admitted a thorough assessment is completed. Wounds and skin breakdown are crucial to document upon an admission or a transferred client to our division.If the documentation of skin assessment is not completed correctly, then the â€Å"blame† is placed on our unit for an ulceration if it was not charted within 24 hours of admission. What are the causes or issues that surround care transitions? Increasingly fragmented care is one reason associated with hospital readmission rates. Issues include communication breakdowns related to plans of care, unclear expectations, uncertainty about illness trajectories, lack of continuity in medical follow-up, and incomplete or inaccurate understanding of medication regimens (Geary & Schumacher, 2012, p. 237).In my practice of nursing, the utilization of inpatient care management for clients begins upon admission in preparation for discharge. A multidisciplinary approach of the transplant team includes the doctors, inpatient nurses, social workers, dieticians, case coordinators, post-transplant coordinators, and transplant pharmacists working together to coordinate and ensure continuity of care upon discharge. According to Geary & Schumacher (2012), â€Å"Through the transition process, agents act and interact within relationship with each other, causing emergence of new behaviors and outcomes.Just as important, through supportive dialogue and discussion, sensemaking is enabled for everyone involved in the transition, effectively reenvisioning multiple understandings of the situation and changing outcomes for the better† (p. 246). Middle-range nursing theories can be viewed as a cookbook for nursing. There are many recipies in the middle-range th eories which can be utilized by the average hospital-based nurse in a variety of ways. In any given 12-hour shift of a nurse, there are several theories which can be applied to specific situations.I have unknowingly used nursing theory in my practice over the years. This course has brought to my attention the diverse ways in which I have used middle-range nursing theories and has given me a better understanding of how nursing theory is applied to current clinical nursing practice. It is my opinion that middle-range nursing theories will continue to guide nursing practice throughout the 21st Century. References Aiken, L. H. , Clarke, S. P. , Cheung, R. B. , Sloane, D. M. , & Silber, J. H. (2003).Educational Levels of Hospital Nurses and Surgical Patient Mortality. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(12), 1617-1623. Averill, R. F. , McCullough, E. C. , Hughes, J. S. , Goldfield, N. I. , Vertrees, J. , & Fuller, R. L. (2009, Summer). Redisigning the Medicare Inpatient PPS to Reduce Payments to Hospitals with High Readmission Rates. Health Care Financing Review, 30(4), 1-15. Geary, C. R. , & Schumacher, K. L. (2012). Care Transitions: Integrating Transition Theory and Complexity Science Concepts.Advances in Nursing Science, 35(3), 236-248. Liehr, P. , & Smith, M. J. (1999). Middle Range Theory: Spinning Research and Practice to Create Knowledge forthe New Millennium. Advances in Nursing Science, 21(4) 81-91. McKenn, H. (1997). Nursing Theories and Models. New York: Routledge. Meleis, A. I. (2012). Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress (5th ed. ). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Sanford, R. (2000, March). Caring through Relation and Dialogue: A Nursing Perspective for Patient Education. Advances in Nursing Science, 22(3), 1-15.

Is there an appropriate balance between the right to protect your Essay

Is there an appropriate balance between the right to protect your reputation with the law of defamation and the right to free speech - Essay Example Obviously democratic societies benefit from free and open speech as well as providing compensation for those who are injured by false damaging statements. However, the law of defamation allows for â€Å"remarkable restriction of the freedom to speak and write.†1 This point is amply substantiated by the evaluating the law of defamation and the right to free speech with particular emphasis on how the courts have protected the reputation of the individual The English law of defamation is decidedly complicated.2 The complexities stem from a variety of technical and detailed rules contained in both common law principles and legislative provisions.3 Moreover, the common law has been modified by the Defamation Act 1952 and the Defamation Act 1996 and by the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms which have been indorsed by the Human Rights Act 1998.4 Under English law defamation can be founded by virtue of either libel or slander.5 Libel typically refers to the print form although libel does not necessarily require that it was committed by word.6 For instance in Monson v Tussauds Ltd a wax effigy was held to be sufficient to substantiate a libel.7 Ultimately, the libel is required to be such that it makes permanent imputations against the character of another8. Common forms of libel are usuall published by television broadcasts, newspapers, video and audio recordings.9 Slander, however can be made by virtue of non-permanent forms and is typically committed by word of mouth. A claim in slander requires that the plaintiff prove special damages unless the alleged slander is founded on one of the following grounds: Be that as it may, the plaintiff is at liberty to lodge a complaint with the court and the defendant is required to prove that the statement is true.12 The fact that the plaintiff is at liberty to lodge a complaint so easily, speaks to the strict protection of individual reputations under

'Information systems have revolutionised the way we work'. Critically Essay - 2

'Information systems have revolutionised the way we work'. Critically discuss this statement using two concepts from the mod - Essay Example The internet is considered as one of the major infrastructures to drive the new era of information. The innovations of technology have resulted in the widespread application of information systems in organizations, politics as well as in the public sector with the introduction of electronic and digital government models. Discussion E-Government Electronic government is the digital communication process between the public sector and the government bodies through the use of Information systems including internet facilitated operations and communication technologies. The E–Government strategies can be defined as the implementation of the Information Technology and Communication Technology to deliver government services and information smoothly to the public. The digital governance is directed at maintaining the delivery system of government services and improving the internal government processes (Alston, 2003, p.4). The E-Government models can be classified as the following: Gov ernment to citizens (G2C), Government to Governments (G2B), Government to Businesses (G2B) and Government to Employees (G2E) and Citizens to Governments (C2G). Electronic government has made public administration process flawless and has also influenced the governments to re-evaluate their business processes and responsibilities across all the levels of the government (Deloitte Touche Consulting, 2012, pp.7-10). Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have enormous administrative potential for helping the government in delivering information and services Information and Communication Technologies can be effectively used to enhance interconnectivity, efficiency, transparency, decentralization and service delivery of the authority. Electronic government has become an important part of public administration in many countries in order to perform these functions more effectively. Four conceptual frameworks can be applied to the E-Government theory (Garson, 2006, p. 45-50). The first framework considers the potential of Information technology Systems in the decentralization of the government processes. The second concept aims towards the limitations of contradictions in the strategy. The third framework is the socio technical framework which evaluates the continuous communication in the government and public environment with the effective use of technology. The last framework is used to supplement the strategy of electronic government with global integration theories. The electronic government has four important dimensions to support the government processes, engage the public and improve the level of government services (Rabaiah, 2010, pp. 51-69). The key dimensions are: Electronic services to ensure delivery of programs, services and information to the citizens in electronic form, electronic management to use information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance the managerial capacity of the body and streamline the government processes, electronic d emocracy to promote public participation in the decision making processes and electronic commerce to facilitate electronic exchange of goods and services for money. This includes payment of taxes, utility bills, paying for entertainment programs, renewal of vehicle registrations etc. (Mistry, 2012, pp.145-176). According to researches, there can be major

Statistical techniques for investment, finance or economic problems Essay

Statistical techniques for investment, finance or economic problems - Essay Example Five years later, defaults began kicking in as more homeowners were unable to refinance their loans or sell their depreciating homes, gradually snowballing into hedge fund suspensions and massive write-downs. The following year the snowball accelerated into an avalanche, effecting the closure or sell-out of financial stalwarts Bear Stearns, IndyMac Bancorp, Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers. The two largest mortgage finance companies, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, needed a bail-out by the Bush administration; not long after insurance giant American International Group (AIG) followed suit. With the advent of the new administration, one of President Obama’s first official acts was to sign into law a $700 billion bailout in what is called the Troubled Assets Recovery Program (TARP) (Amadeo, 2009). The crisis spawned a credit crunch, prompting a substantial infusion of capital into the global financial markets by the United States Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, and the European Central Bank (Elliott, 2008). Financial institutions and intermediaries throughout the United States and Europe were thus severely affected in the contagion. On the other hand, the Asian financial markets have exhibited remarkable resilience to the crisis that has engulfed the US and Europe. China can count on its over US$ 100 billion inflows from 2003 to 2007 (Rodman, 2009). India may be somewhat more affected, with some expected possible impact on credit availability. (Rediff India Abroad, 2008) However, there is still a chance that China and India may succumb, albeit belatedly and less severely, to the effects of the financial debacle. These countries were the largest contributors to reductions in global poverty in the last two decades, as confirmed by several academic studies. However, they are now in danger of reduced economic growth, with a slowdown or even reversal in the poverty alleviation efforts. (Bajoria, 2008) With this

Biological Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biological Theory - Research Paper Example Biological theory is a statement that is dedicated to covering evolution and all aspects of humanity. These fields includes, understanding human psychology, biological evolution, philosophy of science and development of biology. This theory explores all the aspects of these fields and helps in understanding how to deduce problems in the fields. The theory was first published in 2005. Biological Theory  is devoted to hypothetical developments in the arenas of development and understanding psychology. It does so with prominence on the theoretical combination afforded by evolutionary and growing tactics. The journal petitions to wide listeners of experts, communal boffins, and professors from the specific fields (Springer, 2014). In addition, this knowledge applies to theorists and students of biology. The field of biological theory clarifies how things happened to be working at the time associated with creating. The idea is split into areas, which tend to be Behavioural Hypotheses, Psychodynamic Hypotheses, Humanist Hypotheses, and Characteristic Theories (Cherry, 2014). A behaviour view within psychology offers held which exploratory evaluation of knowledge must start with a study of human conduct. Behavioural concept has benefited from the work associated with early researchers, for example Pavlov, Thorndike, and afterwards the function of W. F. Skinner. Work associated with the improvement of behaviour theories within the educational mind-set has permitted theorists in order to explore ways human action might be controlled via manipulation associated with stimuli as well as patterns associated with reinforcement. Informational processing is dependent on a concept of understanding that explains the digesting of, storage space, and access of knowledge within the mind. Factors for example, sensory sign-up, attention, operating memory, and long-term memory play a substantial part with this theory

Service Line Development Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Service Line Development - Term Paper Example Self paying patients have increased from 5 to 8%. These changes have been accompanied by a reduction in revenue from $461.5 million to $427 million – a 7.5% decline. This decline has led to a decline in the hospital’s profit margin from $23.075 million to a negative of $1.495 million – a decline of 106.5%. This decline in revenue appears to have been initiated by the loss of the Obstetrics program and the erosion of general surgery volumes. The number of discharges, patient days, ADC, Surgeries, OP visits and ED visits. The only increase is related to ALOS which increased from 4.0 to 4.3. Zuckerman et al (2002) noted that mandatory health maintenance organizations (HMO) programs have had a positive impact on both adults and children and has resulted in less dependence on emergency room for medical care. There is an increase in the use of preventative care. Zuckerman et al (2002) also pointed to differences in access between people enrolled in Medicaid managed car e and low-income privately insured people. This difference seems to have positively impacted the percentage of patients using Medicaid and Medicare while negatively impacting the percentage of patients using the facility who are insured. Gaynor and Haas-Wilson (1999, p. ... The memos and telephone conversations seem to be pointing towards the legislative mindset of reducing payments to hospitals. There are also changes in how physicians are reimbursed and this has implications for health care in the county. However, although everyone is affected Robert Holland who is not directly employed in the health sector appears to be the only person who knows how to impact the legislative changes to the health care policy. There is an urgent need for improvement in health care policies and the suggestion made by Robert Holland to the CEO – Morgan Reece of working more closely with the Hospital Political Action Committee in order to frame feedback to the legislators is a good one. A member of the hospital board - Dr. Joint, who does not work at the Trinity Community Hospital is concerned that Congress wants to either reduce reimbursement or keep it at the same level while opening the doors of medical facilities to millions. Dr. Joint indicates that the payme nt to physician is not keeping up with cost increases and so the hospital will not be able to recruit any new doctors. This seems to have been the problem when the Obstetrics service was discontinued at the hospital. There is obviously a shortage of doctors which can have crippling effects on health services. This will also turn people away from public health facilities as they will prefer to pay more for private services in order to ensure that they receive quality health care. It therefore means that those who cannot afford private care are the only ones who will visit the hospital. Currently, only some basic provisions can be dealt with in relation to

Gas Prices and the Law of Supply and Demand Essay

Gas Prices and the Law of Supply and Demand - Essay Example The fluctuation of oil supply is largely credited to the increasing demands of an increasing world population (Campoy and Russel, 2009). Furthermore, our oil mineral deposits are slowly being depleted; oil minerals are not something which can be manufactured or replaced once used. The next best thing for oil companies and prospectors to do would be to look for new sources of oil. However, this is only a temporary remedy to the oil shortage issue. If alternative sources of energy and fuel would not be found, the prices for oil would continue to rise and the supply for oil would continue to decrease. The price of gas as ruled by the law of supply and demand must be controlled and managed. The consumers have recognized the fact that they would not be able to afford the rising oil prices if they do not conserve their fuel consumption (Campoy and Russel, 2009). In this regard, consumers opted to cut back on their driving and save their fuel consumption for essential use only. As a result, gasoline was able to regain its supply gap and consequently push up the depressed oil prices (Campoy and Russel, 2009). Since the price of oil is very much dependent on the law of supply and demand, there is an element of managerial strategy which will always hover over the determination of oil prices. Such strategy may sometimes be attributed to the practice of hoarding or controlling the amount of oil released to the market. To some degree, this practice has been speculated by various analysts and scholars as the cause of oil price increase with oil companies seeking to gain the most profit from oil (Fessler, 2009). This speculation has not... This essay discusses the field of management in oil product companies. The researcher states that today there are different events which the manager needs to comprehensively understand the market in order to ensure that the company or the organization he is managing would not collapse or fail. These events or processes often dictate the direction of the organization and were discussed in the essay. It id mentioned, that on a larger scale, these processes are affected by, and they also have a great impact on other organizations and even global managerial dynamics. In the article of Ana Campoy and Russel Gold, entitled ‘Gas Demand Edges Higher, Lifting Crude,’ which the researcher analyzed in the essay, the relationship between gas prices and the law of supply and demand are established and discussed in details. This article plays a major role into the authors’ analysis and discussion that was presented in this essay. This essay discusses the different elements of t his article in relation to the managerial principles discussed during the managerial classes attended by the researcher. In conclusion, the researcher gives his opinion on managing ang gives several recommendations as for what managers can do to enhace the success of oil corporations and companies today. It is stated that, in applying strong managerial skills, managing oil prices in accordance with the law of supply and demand, has to be in line with ethical practices, as well as the actual state of our oil supply and demand.

Individual Supporting Contributions to Group Presentation on Rabobank Assignment

Individual Supporting Contributions to Group Presentation on Rabobank - Assignment Example Worldwide Rabobank is the leading supporter of agriculture and food with over five hundred and ninety three international offices in thirty countries. The bank leads with eighty-five percent shares in food and agriculture in Netherlands. In terms of liquidity and capital, the bank position has remained strong for the past five years. In 2012 financial year, Rabobank core tier 1 capital and Tier 1 capital increased slightly in comparison to financial year 2008. Notionally, the structural design in a company refers to the responsibilities, formal roles and methods of reporting. Structural design influences the sources of a firm advantage in regards to knowledge management. Failure to change the structures can lead to serious undermining of strategy implementation. Good structures are not sufficient for success. In regards to the current structure of Rabobank, it is believed to be a matrix structure. A matrix structure consists of structure that take geographical divisions and form of product or divisional and structural structures operating in cycle. The divisions of Rabobank group are different with sovereign decision being made by their own panel of directors. Branches are different in types of produce, services offered, and the market to provide these services and product. Organizational units in different branches provide services and product that deals with mortgages, asset management, equity participation, investment banking, loans and saving and leasing ( Clay 2007, pg 38). Every organizational unit has a management team that is responsible for budget in areas of their operations such as exploitative innovations and pursuing exploratory. In addition, organizational units in each branch operate in trade with different levels of competitiveness and environmental dynamism a state neces sary to observe units pursue different new activities. There are several advantages of matrix structure. They

Chicken Chunks Essay Example for Free

Chicken Chunks Essay I have designed the layout of my advert so that when it is broadcast simultaneously across all childrens television networks, and depicted in colour advertisements in all childrens magazines universally, certain aspects will stand out and be immortalised in the memory of children. The Chicken Chunks slogan at the top of the page is in large, bold writing and has golden wings, and the way I have ingeniously positioned the box in the middle of the advertisement shows all children what the product they will soon be rushing to their local retailer to buy looks like. I chose the title Chicken Chunks initially for the way that no other product presently or previously on the market remotely resembles it, but I quickly realised that the title was also an excellent way of helping the children to remember the products name because it uses alliteration. It is not proven, but it is widely accepted, that using alliteration greatly improves the chances of committing the name from your short to long term memory banks, thereby making the name of Chicken Chunks much more memorable. This will be especially effective considering that the target audience for our advertising campaign is very young. I also used clear, bold writing so that the text I placed upon my advert can be easily read and understood by a young child. I think my advert will be extremely successful at cornering the market for childrens microwavable meals in minutes in the UK and across the globe. It will happen not only because of the excellent marketing strategy I have devised to thrust my product into the consumer world with alarming speed, but also by the way kids choose food these days not only to suit their nutritional needs, but as a lifestyle choice. The words Chicken Chunks will be synonymous with the epitome of cool for all children under eleven. Chicken Chunks will be the embodiment of young culture and will soon be flying from the supermarket shelves as if moving of their own volition.

The Limitations Of High Rise Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

The Limitations Of High Rise Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay The purpose of this report is to illustrate the limitations faced when planning, designing or constructing a high-rise Building. This report will explore the background of high-rise buildings, including their origins and technological advancements. It will bring to light any technical aspects pertaining to the limitation of high-rise buildings, such as materials and available technology. This report will also inform the reader of any professional involvement of both engineering and non-engineering careers, as well as bringing to light any social, cultural or heritage issues such as Indigenous participation. Furthermore this report will demonstrate any Ethical or Economical issues which may have an impact on the planning, designing or construction of a high-rise Building. Lastly it will discuss where High-rise Buildings may take us in the future and give insight to changes that may occur due to High-rise Buildings. Report Introduction Since man first started building high-rises, there has always been a limit on how high we can build them. As the years go on and as technology improves the limits to high-rise buildings height has been constantly broken and higher buildings have been made, BUT limits still exist. It is important to know why we have limits to building high-rise buildings and it is just as important knowing just what some of these limits are. Therefore research has been conducted and compiled and a report has been put together. This report is about the limits to building high-rise buildings the report will outline: The involvement of both engineering and non-engineering professionals Social/cross cultural/indigenous issues Ethical issues Economic issues These are the 4 topics that will be discussed in the report, along with a brief background of the limits and some technical aspects of topics. The report will also make sum conclusions as to what is believed to where the limits may lead us in the future or high-rise buildings. Unfortunately the report will not be covering many other issues to limits in high rise buildings as there are many, many reasons limiting high rise buildings. 1.0 Background to High-Rise Limitations Abstract The construction of high-rise buildings has been and always will be greatly limited. The provision of this section of the report is to provide the background information on why construction was so limited. Several major limits that were broken will be discussed. Also discussed will be the inventions and/or processes which were used to break them. Introduction There are many factors that limit man from building great structures however many of these limits have already being broken and will continue to be surpassed. Throughout history man has built some great structures like The Great Pyramid of Giza and the Two Towers of Bologna. The Pyramid of Giza built in the 26th century BC was formally known as the tallest structure in the world. Standing 146m above ground its height was not exceeded for thousands of years. Although these great structures existed for thousands of years, tall buildings that were continuously habitable did not exist until the late 1800s. After the late 1800s buildings that blew the minds of men began to appear. These buildings include; Empire State Building of New York, The Q1 on the gold coast, and now the tallest building in the world, The Khalifa Tower of Dubai which stands 828m above ground. Significant Changes to Highrise Buildings The worlds first iron framed building was the Oriel Chambers in Liverpool built in 1864; it was only five stories high as elevators had not yet been invented yet [4]. This was a reason why construction was so limited before the mid 1800s. It seemed that the higher the office building the cheaper it was to rent because it was impractical for inhabitants to walk a great number of stairs. The first building to include an elevator was the Equity Assurance Building of New York built in 1870. Once the elevator was implemented, suddenly the top stories were more valuable than the lower stories. And now you can get higher rents on the top stories because they are quieter, there is better light, and they are away from the noise and dirt of the street [1]. The invention and inclusion of the elevator in construction greatly influenced the skylines of every major city in the world. Vertical architecture would be impossible, first of all, without the elevator, the great equalizer of civilization, which . . . by excessively rapid express service, makes the twentieth floor scarcely more difficult to access than the third. . . . Without [the elevator] its chief merit [of the tall building] would be gone; without it its upper stories would be as inaccessible as a mountaintop. [2] Skelton and Conventional Construction Methods Even though the elevator now eliminated the hassle of stairs and allowed for growth of buildings the height of buildings was still limited because of the method of construction used. In ordinary methods of building, the higher the wall the thicker it must be at its lower parts, a hefty area of a valuable lot in the tight inner-city must be surrendered to enormously thick walls [3]. Architect William Le Baron Jenney was the first to use a load-bearing structural frame which supported the entire weight of the walls. This was the beginning of the Steel Skeleton Construction method of building. This development led to the construction of the first skyscraper being ten stories high. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1885. Even though the building stood tall many people were scared and didnt believe in the idea at all. Four years later an architect named Bradford Gilbert believed in the idea and designed the Tower Building in New York using the skeleton method. There were al ready buildings which were taller than the tower building however they were not built on block of land which seemed greatly inadequate. With the construction of the tower building Bradford Gilbert convinced people and architects in New York that this method of construction was feasible. The Skeleton method of construction solved the problem of economizing space in the lower floors of high and narrow buildings and was used all over the world. As land diminishes in the inner-city the tend is to build upwards. Lack of land in the inner city is great factor which limits the construction of high rise buildings. The skeleton method of construction helped solve this problem to a certain extent however with todays knowledge and understanding the lack of land in the inner-city will always limit the height of construction. Construction There are still many limits which man has not yet surpassed, however as seen from this section of the report some inventions came along which completely changed the standard of construction. With the invention of the elevator the corporate world was turned on its head as tall buildings were now accessible and now the higher you go the more expensive it is, where as it used to be the opposite. The higher you went the cheaper it was. The skeleton method of construction revolutionised the construction world. It allowed for buildings to grow hundreds of metres in the air while using minimal area on the ground. 2.0 Technical Aspects Pertaining to the Limitations of High Rise Buildings 2.1 Introduction High rise mega structures have forever plagued the thoughts of mankind, from the beginning of the technological age we have marvelled at our own achievements forever striving to build bigger, better and higher in an effort to reach for the stars. Tall buildings in modern society bestow many great attributes however as we continue to construct a more cumbersome empire of mega structures we will face many new technical obstacles to overcome. 2.2 Possible Risks Many technical factors influence our ability to build greater structures. Environmental and human disasters such as; earthquakes, fires, hurricanes and terrorism supply great difficulty while scientific breakthroughs in materials, mechanics and methodology prove to be either impractical, ineffective or unachievable at this time [4]. External forces are a major concern we must face when designing our high rises. One of the most important concerns to consider when designing high rises is their ability to withstand lateral forces imposed by things like strong winds, hurricanes and earthquakes [5]. 2.3 Strengths and Technologies The strength of modern materials surprisingly is not a major factor in the development of high rise buildings. Steel is strong enough to support structures 10 km or taller while advanced composites can support structures much greater again. Certain mechanical implementations such as massive suspended tuned pendulum dampers can be utilised in tall buildings to counteract the environmental rigors of high wind and impending earthquakes [6]. High rises are not only a distinguishing symbol of prestige but they also prove to be excellent at accommodating a large mass of people in a relatively small area. In commercial terms this allows businesses to maintain close proximity with the central district of inner cities while reducing pressure on already densely populated urban localities [7]. 2.4 Threat of Terrorism As iconic and essential as these high rise structures may be, sometimes they can become the target of terrorism. One of the most historical events of this manner occurred on September 11th 2001 When the World Trade Centres in the United States were demolished after airliners were hijacked and sent on suicide missions killing over 3000 people [8]. 2.5 Conclusion To overcome these problems various technical innovations such as; security cameras, vehicle detection equipment and computer identification checks can be utilised as well as organic, inorganic and metal x-ray detection systems. While technical defence and prevention systems such as these do help to prevent terrorism, modern security systems are still limited by current technologies. 3.0 The Involvement of both Engineering and Non-Engineering professions 3.1 Introduction As this project will effect many individuals in the aspect of employment and work it is vitally important to specify who will be effected and how. Although a big project such as a high-rise building will provide a large scale of jobs, there is always the risk that the construction/finished project could permanently damage someone elses business. As a result careful planning must be taken to ensure minimal harm is done to private business. 3.2 Engineering/Tradesmen Professions High-rise buildings are great opportunities for steady work for hundreds of professions. Some of these professions include engineers, builders, architects and various tradesmen jobs. As the specific project looks to challenge the limited heights of high-rise buildings it can be assumed that it would provide a great deal of jobs throughout the construction and development. As this is a field of work which has been hit reasonably hard by the recent global economic crisis, this project would be greatly beneficial to the workers and contractors involved. 3.3 Non-Engineering Professions Small business has an important role in local and regional economies, and collectively they contribute to the Australian economy. Many small businesses exist in inner city networks, which are areas prone to expansion and development, such as high-rise buildings. Many depend on easy access from roads as the primary means to transport goods and services and to link to other small businesses. Small businesses need to know about construction in the area which could impact on their profession [9]. Before construction takes place it is the responsibility of the engineering company to ensure a community liaison contacts and notifies the surrounding businesses of the high-rise plans. It is also then the community liaisons task to answer any concerns or queries, as a result of development, regarding the businesses viability. These could include; loss of revenue, loss of customers, loss of/or restricted access for customers, disruptions to the delivery of goods and services, noise, visual and air pollution and lastly the potential for increased crime due to loss of visibility. It is vitally important to gain the support of private businesses, so any contact must be carefully planned first. 3.4 Construction and Development During construction there is always the possibility of complaints regarding noise levels, obstruction and inconvenience. To ensure these matters are dealt with appropriately, engineering/construction firms provide adequate signage around the worksite referring the public as to whom to contact. Companies are also required to display signage before construction takes place, to allow time for any complaints or queries to be dealt with. By taking these steps engineering/construction companies can not be held accountable for any future complaints. 3.5 Conclusion The construction of large high-rise buildings can have impacts on both engineering and non engineering professions. It is vital to take precautions, before initiating construction, to notify any and all non-engineering professions effected of the possible changes which will be taking place. For this reason liaisons must be employed to establish an effective working communication and to answer any concerns private business could have. 4.0 Social/ Cultural/ Indigenous Issues 4.1 Introduction In every instance of construction it is vitally important to thoroughly cover the issue of public and cultural negotiations and communications. Careful precautions must be taken from the very start of planning the project, to ensure that everyones opinion is heard and concern answered. Both governmental and private corporations employ teams of people to guarantee that community engagement is correctly achieved. 4.2 Cultural Heritage Overview A primary concern is that of cultural heritage, specifically towards indigenous peoples. Under that heritage protection act, engineering firms must take care that they do not damage or disturb any landscape that could be considered of indigenous importance. Indigenous Australians make up for about 2.7 percent of the population (77.4% aboriginal and 22.6% Torres Strait islanders) [10]. Land and sea are very important to their cultures and connectivity to country is central to peoples lives. Legislation requires companies to engage with Aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders on indigenous cultural heritage matters. When engaging with indigenous Australians, it is important to plan a communiquà © before addressing the community. Past experiences with public officials has left many indigenous communities with a sense of frustration and powerlessness. As a result certain communities may not want be supportive and or cooperate with the company. The main steps in planning and engagement activity are imperative. Theses steps include, researching and knowing about the community, understanding its history and acknowledging their diversity and connection to land and sea. 4.3 Construction and Development During the development and construction stage of the high-rise it is essential to make certain that no elements of indigenous importance are damaged. This is achieved by taking several precautionary measures. As Indigenous peoples have a right to oversee the project, a monitor, whose primary concern is recognizing and evaluating artifacts of importance must be hired. Indigenous Monitors have the authority to postpone and hold up projects for extended periods of time, until the landscape can be deemed safe to build on [11]. Another measure which must be taken under the Heritage Protection Act is notifying the Contractor that he or she shall be responsible for the management of indigenous cultural heritage artifacts while construction is underway. It is also the Contractors duties to ensure that all staff related to the project has attended a Cultural Heritage Induction Course. 4.4 Social/Community Issues As well as being considerate to Indigenous peoples it is equally important to be considerate towards the general public. Before Building a High-Rise building it is the companies responsibility to notify the public that construction is going to be underway. This can be achieved using tools such as; flyers, TV advertisements, letterbox drop/direct mail and or website information. After the public has been properly alerted, they have the option to notify their city council about any concerns or complaints that they might have regarding the project. 4.5 Conclusion Before commencing any construction project it is vital to deliver all necessary information to the key stakeholders and if possible gather their support. Adequate planning and preparation must be done before the project initiates and planning must be relevant to the community which is to be engaged. Care must also be taken to guarantee not to damage or violate any potential places of importance regarding indigenous Australians, during construction. 5.0 Ethical Limitations to High-Rise Buildings 5.1 Introduction With todays population only ever increasing the trend is to build upward. Throughout the planning and construction stages of high-rise buildings there are many limitations that affect the end products in which we see today. One of these limitations is the ethical issues involving high-rise building which revolve around the safety, the environment and the community. These issues must be carefully thought about and investigated before the building can begin. 5.2 Community A limiting factor in the production of high-rises can often be the community. When plans go into council, the community also gets a say. Allowing the community to get a say in what goes ahead and what doesnt can bring about large restrictions to high-rise buildings. Some issues that limit high-rise buildings, due to the community may include the use of the building and the look of the building. These two issues can become entwined in a communities decision making process, where depending on the ethical view point expressed by the community as a whole, these viewpoints include, Kantianism, Utilitarianism, human rights, environmental ethical. A community might take a utilitarianism point of view when approving a high-rise if the building does not fit the council guidelines although brings about beneficial use to the community. Some council departments have put in place restrictions on buildings to stop them being built past a certain height in order to keep a community in a certain man ner. As stated in the Byron Environmental Planning and Assessment act 1979, Byron Local Environment plan 1988, [12] The council must not consent to the erection of any building if the floor of the topmost floor level of the building exceeds 7.5 metres above the existing ground level, or, the vertical distance between the topmost part of the building and the existing ground level below exceeds 11.5 metres. This shows that Council departments have 5.3 Environmental Issues When considering high-rise buildings the effects that the high-rise would have on the environment must be thoroughly investigated, as it would have limitations as to how high the building can go. The waste produced by the building as a day to day product will impact greatly on the environment. The higher the building is generally means the more people it can accommodate for, although with the number of people that would use the building rising, so does the waste they produce. With things such as rubbish and sewage it is important that there is adequate systems in place, where the building is going to be located that are able to deal with these issues. Such as that the sewers will be able to accommodate for the amount of sewage that is produced. Due to the amount of people that would use a high-rise building there is a lot of energy needed to keep the building running. This impacts on the environment as with the creation of energy comes the creation of green house gasses and the waste produced in making the energy. With the trend to build upward increasing, there are various strategies being invented and put into action to accommodate for the need for energy, these strategies are to limit the amount of environmental impact a building would have, there for allowing buildings to be built higher and higher. Studies have shown that through using energy conserving measures on a 20 story building can cut its energy consumption down to less than half its original usage. The issue with using these measures is that they often require some investment throughout the building stages, as materials can often cost more and take longer install, although in the long run would save owners and occupants of the building a lot of money. Taking a Utilitarianism view on this would allow the energy conserving measures to be put in place throughout construction, knowing that it would cost more but work out better in the end (end justifies the means). Where as Kantianism ethical views wo uld possibly not put them in place as it would cost more throughout the building stages (means justifies the end). Plans are currently underway for extreme energy conservation measures in high-rise buildings, with a revolving tower planned to be built in Dubai see fig 5.31. This tower, powered by wind turbines, can not only generate enough energy to power itself but can also generate enough energy to power 10 other buildings similarly sized [13]. With such engineering advancements, in the future limits to high-rises caused by environmental ethical issues will be decreased. Although Personal ethical views often clash with environmental views, such as Energy generating high-rises versus wildlife reserve. Fig 5.31 A computer generated image of the towers ability to physically move 5.4 Congestion Issues One of the issues limiting high-rise buildings is congestion caused by the building. Most high-rises are planned to be built in already congested areas so whilst they are being built issues of space can impact on the construction of the building. As various cranes and machinery is necessary to construct them there must be adequate space to cater for such things. It is important that through the construction of high-rises that the effect on the public is kept to a minimum. Congestion can also be an issue once the building has been built such that various amounts of people may be trying to access the building, bringing in large amounts of traffic on the street. When the building is being designed it is necessary to make sure that building has adequate parking options to make sure it can accommodate for the influx of traffic that it would bring. There are also congestion problems with the amount of people that are around the building on a daily basis, footpaths and public transport must be able to accommodate for the influx of people on the already existing foot traffic. These issues must be accommodated for before the building is built and can often cause high-rises to be limited to how high they go, in certain areas. 5.5 Safety Issues Safety can limit high-rise buildings throughout both the construction stages and once again when the building has been built. The safety of workers is highly important when building such large building and can also limit the height of the building. If something cannot be done safely then it should not be done. All workers have the right to refuse a job if they think its unsafe, this comes under the basic human rights ethic. When working with heights the risk level rises immensely, and all aspects need to be looked at to ensure the safety of both the works and the public around the construction site. Safety is a big concern in high rise building, when they are being designed they need to be designed to withstand various natural disasters, such as earthquakes, storms and floods. It is necessary to design a building to withstand or minimally destruct through these disasters. Even if doing so means that they are limited to how high they can stand. Because it is impossible to make high-ri se buildings invincible, through the design process buildings are designed to keep their destruction to a minimal in the event of a disaster, this takes a Utilitarianism view, where actions are to be judged right or wrong solely on the virtue of their consequences, it would be better for a building get damaged in a disaster with human injury kept to a minimum. In 1978 shortly after construction the structural engineer behind the Citicorp building discovered a fatal floor in its design, realising that the building was vastly unsafe [14]. Whilst reviewing the design of the building in order to design one similar. This fatal floor was that the original butt weld designs used for the joints on the wind bracing system were replaced with a bolt design due to economic reason. After reviewing the forces that the joints were designed to withstand it was evident that they were only deigned to withstand a 16 year storm, whereas it was an understanding that the building was able to withstand a 50 year storm. William Le Messurier, of Cambridge, Mass., was lauded for his ethical conduct, as he proceeded to notify the architect, his client and the building owner that a remedial scheme must be undertaken immediately before the risk of high winds in the fall hurricane season in New York City. A solution was found and the building was brought up to scratch. See figure 5.51, it is evident that if this issue was not dealt with then if the building came down then it would have caused massive death and destruction. This shows good ethical decision making and a utilitarianism point of view. Safety often limits high-rise buildings, if correct ethical guidelines are not followed throughout the design and construction then it can often result in death and destruction. Fig 5.51 City Corp Building Circled in Red 5.6 Conclusion In conclusion it is evident that there are many Ethical issues limiting the construction of high-rise buildings. These issues can come from a range of reasons such as the community, environment, congestion and safety. It is through good ethical principles used by Engineers in todays society that these issues can be overcome and accommodated for in order to brake the boundarys that are holding our high-rises down, whilst still keeping everyone happy. 6.0 Economical issues associated with high rise buildings 6.1 Introduction High rise buildings are typically commercial, or residential. When building a high-rise building there are certain economical issues that arise, such issues are, Business, Financial, Health and Political just to name a few, this can be described as economic imperialism. 6.2 Business Economics Business economics, is closely linked to the economy, for a high-rise building to be made the business would be looking into making it in a city area rather than making one in a rural area, this is because not many people live in a rural area and getting jobs filled for the business can hinder the business growth of a high-rise. High-rise buildings are a standout and might be targeted by terrorists. A huge building being destroyed could have a major impact on the local business economy for example The World Trade Centre was a target for a terrorist attack. Another business factor into building a residential high-rise (apartments) would be the amount of people seeking accommodation [15]. The business economy relies on people consuming the product whether it be insurance or accommodation etc. Therefore this means building a high-rise building will create allot of jobs and boost the local economy a bit, if the product that is being sold is not in demand i.e. The high-rise is an accommod ation hotel built in a rural area with little visitors. The Business will lose money and eventually go bust. Therefore the business limits of the size of the high-rise are limited by the economy. 6.3 Financial Economics Financial economics is the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment [16]. What this means is the way the resources of a company are spent to increase business is always a risk and the financial decisions made will have an affect over time on a business. The need to spend money to make money. For some companies that are investing in the future look into building a high-rise as a financial risk. Finance is the biggest limiting factor when building as high-rise out of all economical factors. This is because high-rise buildings cost allot of money to build, and once built allot of money to maintain. FMV(future monetary value), the nominal future sum of money that a given sum of money is worth at a specified time in the future assuming a certain interest rate, or more generally, rate of return, it is the present value multiplied by the accumulation function. Knowledge of the future can reduce, or possibly eliminate, the u ncertainty of FMV. When building a high-rise they cost a lot of money to a business and are generally a risk that is made to increase asset value, knowledge of the future will decrease the risk associated with building a high-rise. One such knowledge is the height of the high-rise. Another financial burden is safety, and implementing safety in a high-rise building can be very costly, and the cost to maintain safety is costly. With safety comes the cost of security to prevent such things like attacks. Security/safety can have a direct impact on the financial future as they are an ongoing cost. 6.4 Health Economics Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to scarcity in allocation of health and health care. In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of the health care system and the private and social causes of health-affecting behaviours such as smoking. Health economics is mostly concerned with ethics, it is not ethical to have no health/safety at a high-rise. Health can limit high-rises by a fair bit, as it financially costs money to maintain the health of the employees/patrons. When building a high-rise it is very dangerous and many safety precautions must be implemented. People can die when building a high-rise, ethically this can have a big impact of the building of the high-rise if one worker was to be killed on the work site [17]. Health also requires a safe work environment for the employees, therefore a fire safety and other measures such as security need to be implemented, and these have a direct impact on the future income of the high-rise . Disability measures must be taking for disable people, this means elevators and/or alternative steps etc. Lastly a big cost is toilet facilities, the cost to maintain and to implement toilet facilities is a very costly process and one of the top costs this therefore limits high-rise buildings due to financial costs. 6.5 Political Economics Public choice in economic theory is the use of modern economic tools to study problems that are tradictionally in the province of political science. From the perspective of political science, it may be seen as the subset of positive political theory which deals with subjects in which material interests are assumed to predonminte. Basically this means that political economy is mainly concerned with the behaviour of politicians and government officials. To build a high-rise it first must be approved by officials, then the height of the building may be limited by the officials to. A high-rise is a generally a very tall building and if the local

Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Essay example -- Plastic Surgery Essa

Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery is a great discovery that has been around for many centuries. â€Å"The history of plastic surgery origins in the early 800 B.C. when surgeons in India restored noses to persons who had them taken off as a form of punishment.† (History of Cosmetic Surgery, 2008) Many people have used over the years cosmetic and reconstructive surgery to enhance their physical appearance weather it be for health problems associated with birth defect or problems that they have developed over the years or to even alter physical appearances for instance nose jobs and tummy tucks. There are numerous types of cosmetic surgery that can be done today in the United States, over the year’s surgeons techniques have improved dramatically. There are a number of pro’s and con’s that go along with cosmetic surgery, such as the amount of recovery time and the initial cost of surgery. Statistics also show that cosmetic surgery has grown so rapidly over the years it is phen omenal people who receive cosmetic surgery goes up by the millions every year. While there can be many related health risks due to cosmetic sugary, many times cosmetic surgery is necessary and its is made more affordable than thought to be. There are many Cons’ that are associated with cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. Some procedures can leave a person scared for life physically or even mentally. For instance, â€Å"Liposuction is the removal of fat cells to produce smoother contours, if to much fat and fluid is removed at once the patient could go into shock, bleed internally, or worst of all die.† (Margie Parent 2002) After some cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries sometimes it is found very common for a person to have a hard time adjust... .../history-of-cosmetic-surgery.html Parent, Margie. 2002. â€Å"The Pro’s and Con’s of Plastic Surgery Procedure.† Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From www.ri.essortment.com/plasticsugeryp_rewz.htm Miami Beach 411. N.D. â€Å"A Guide to Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery Costs†. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.miamibeach411.com/cosmetic/guide_2.html â€Å"History of Cosmetic Surgery†. 2008. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.ebreastaug.com/cosmetic-surgery/history.html Colins, Joan. N.d..†The Pro’s and Con’s of Plastic Surgery†. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://cseserv.engr,scu.edu/StudentWebPages/KNguyen/researchpaper.htm American Society of Plastic Surgery. 2008. â€Å"2007 Report of 2006 Statistics†. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.plasticsurgery.org/media/Press_Kits/Procedural-Statistics-Press-Kit-Index.cfm

Coaching Decisions :: essays research papers

Coaching Decisions On December 20, 1996, Granite City's girls' basketball coach, Chuck Kraus, appeared to be agitated during the halftime conference with his players. After minutes of yelling, he began to use profanity. Five minutes later, he picked up a bench and threw it across the locker room. Assistant coach John Moad tried to settle Kraus down, but he failed. The coach pushed him into the lockers and tossed chalk into his face. This halftime outburst cost Coach Kraus a three game suspension. The first practice after his suspension, Kraus held a meeting with the players and the parents. Jan Shanefelt, the starting point guard of the varsity team, asked the coach why he came back, the girls liked playing under Coach Moad better. Quickly, Kraus became agitated and threw a hard chest pass that hit Jan in the arm. The next day Kraus wrote a letter of resignation for the rest of the year and will resume his duties in the fall of '97. Should Coach Kraus just get suspended for the rest of the year, or should he never be allowed to coach again? I think Coach Kraus should be fired without any hesitation. Many of the players and the parents wanted Kraus fired after the first incident, and they definitely want him fired now. In school systems today, many incidents similar to this happen often. Are athletic coaches today given too much power and think they can do whatever they think can improve the team? The coaches should be setting examples to the players, not putting them down. Athletics are not about winning and losing, it is about getting the most out of your players. Sometimes the players lose their concentration during the game and need to be reassured during the halftime discussion. Verbal abuse does not help the players at all. Coaches also need to remember that they are teaching teenagers, not adults. Teenage girls look up to their coaches, and lean toward them for guidance. After the first incident, Coach Kraus claimed to be sick which gave him a short temper. The December 22 issue of the Granite City Journal supported Kraus, saying "he is not the type of man to lose control like that. As much as Kraus has given to the girls' team, he shouldn't be punished for using profanity one time." The school board President Jeff Parker stated "he is not a person that coaches for the money, he coaches because of his affection for the kids." These are just some of the explanations in Kraus's defense to help persuade the school not to punish him.

Greek Architecture Essay -- essays research papers fc

Greek Architecture: History and Mechanics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history, there have been several significant architectural movements. The last, and perhaps most enduring movement is that of Classic Greece. Although for centuries, the architecture of ancient Greece has been admired, mimicked, and replicated, its beginnings are somewhat surprising to one unfamiliar with the history of the region. It is important to understand the history and mechanics of Classic Greek architecture in order to fully appreciate its form, function, and beauty. â€Å"Ancient Greek architects strove for the precision and excellence of workmanship that are the hallmarks of Greek art in general. The formulas they invented as early as the sixth century B.C. have influenced the architecture of the past two millennia† (metmuseum.org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The first inhabitants of the Greek peninsula, who are believed to be Neolithic, built very primitive and basic structures. The houses were mainly built with a circular, oval, apsidal, or rectangular shape†¦ They used mud bricks and stones in the mud with reeds or brush to help build the house. Most of the houses had one room, there were very rarely two† (thinkquest.org). These simple homes are the primary foundation for the Grecian style of architecture. Though Neolithic in nature, the first Architects laid the basic foundations for all architecture to follow in Greece and the rest of the world. The shapes of these early homes carry through all the way from the Ionic to the Corinthian order.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The next group of settlers were the Minoan architects. Their towns were mostly residential with little or no temples and public places. Unlike earlier people, their houses were private and had many rooms†¦to separate rooms, they would use only pillars† (thinkquest.org). These new people introduced several different aspects to the foundation of Grecian architecture, namely, the openness of the houses and rooms. It is this culture, which is mostly accredited with introducing the mechanics of the ancient Grecian forms of architecture. â€Å"The first advanced culture in Greece, and indeed in all of Europe, was created by a people referred to today as the Minoans. Their civilization flourished from about 2200 to 1450 B.C. on Crete, the large island located about one hundred miles southeast of the Gree... ...on. It is important to understand the history and mechanics of Greek architecture in order to fully appreciate it. The ancient Greeks were very well known for their beautiful temples. They were able to devise several different ways to create beautiful buildings and implement those designs. The ancient Greeks set the architectural foundations for the rest of the world with their three orders. The three styles, or orders, are the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The three distinctive styles are referred to as orders because they display proportionate, ordered, and coordinated parts. The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders serve a functional purpose, as well as lend so much beauty to structures. â€Å"All the world’s culture culminated in Greece, and Greece in Athens, all Athens in its Acropolis, all the Acropolis in the Parthenon† (Nardo, 61). Works Cited â€Å"Architecture in Ancient Greece.† Ancient Greece. 11 October 2004. . Greek Architecture. 11 October 2004. . Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Architecture in Ancient Greece.† 12 October 2004. . Nardo, Don. Ancient Greece. California: Lucent Books, 1994. Time Life Books, eds. Greece: Temples, Tombs, & Treasures. Virginia: Time Life, 1994.

Geographic Factors

Geographical features are the components of the Earth. There are two types of geographical features, namely natural geographical features and artificial geographical features. Natural geographical features include but are not limited to landforms and ecosystems. For example, terrain types, bodies of water, natural units (consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical factors of the environment) are natural geographical features. Meanwhile, human settlements, engineered constructs, etc. re types of artificial geographical features. Contents [hide] 1 Natural geographical features 1. 1 Ecosystems 1. 2 Landforms 2 Artificial geographical features 2. 1 Settlements 2. 2 Engineered constructs 3 Cartographical features 4 See also 5 References [edit]Natural geographical features [edit]Ecosystems Main article: Ecosystem â€Å"Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the â€Å"community†) in a given area the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i. e. exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem. â€Å"[1] Living organisms are continually engaged in a set of relationships with every other element constituting the environment in which they exist, and â€Å"ecosystem† describes any situation where there is relationship between organisms and their environment. What makes them geographical features is that they are located A biome is a geographically defined area of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms, often referred to as ecosystems.Biomes are defined based on factors such as plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and climate. Unlike ecozonse, biomes are not defined by genetic, taxonomic, or historical similarities. Biomes are often identified with particular patterns of ecological succession and climax vegetation. An ecosystem is also where animals live in biomes(Ocean, Deserts, Grasslands and so on) [edit]LandformsMain article: Landform A landform comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography. Landforms are categorised by features such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. They include berms, mounds, hills, cliffs, valleys, rivers and numerous other elements. Oceans and continents are the highest-order landforms.A body of water is any significant accumulation of water, usually covering the Earth. The term body of water most often refers to large accumulations of water, such as oceans, seas, and lakes, but it may also include smaller pools of water such as ponds, puddles or wetlands. Rivers, streams, ca nals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are not always considered â€Å"bodies† of water, but are included here as geographical formations featuring water. [edit]Artificial geographical features edit]Settlements Main article: Human settlement A settlement is a permanent or temporary community in which people live. A settlement can range in size from a small number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas. The medieval settlement research group (a British organisation)[2] includes as part of a settlement, associated features such as roads, enclosures, field systems, boundary banks and ditches, ponds, parks and woods, mills, manor houses, moats and churches. edit]Engineered constructs Main articles: Construction engineering, Building, and Nonbuilding structure See also: Infrastructure Engineered geographic features such as highways, bridges, airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and reservo irs, which are part of the anthroposphere because they are man-made, are artificial geographic features. [edit]Cartographical features Main articles: Cartography and MapCartographical features are a type of abstract geographical feature – they appear on maps but not on the planet itself, even though they are located on the planet. For example, you can see the Equator on maps, but if you were actually standing on the Equator you wouldn't be able to see it, because it is an entirely theoretical line used for reference, navigation, and measurement. [edit]See also Geography Physical geography Human geography Landscape [edit]References ^ Odum EP (1234534971) of ecology, third editionSaunders New York ^ MSRG

In the name of the father Essay

Often a film conveys a message about a character through various film techniques. This is true in the film â€Å"In The Name of the Father†. This story is mainly about a young man who is arrested for a crime he did not commit and how a relationship between father and son deepens throughout the tragedy. The main character, Gerry Conlon, is first portrayed to the viewer as an unruly rebel but is later developed into a more docile and compliant character. The director, Jim Sheridon, uses film techniques such as costume design, dialogue and extended metaphors to convey the development of Gerry as a character. 1st paragraph: -1st time we see gerry, scruffy, uncut -costume design – baggy jeans, long hair, dirty appearance -gives idea that gerry doesn’t care about his appearance or what people think of him -as film progresses he sharpens up appearance -combed pulled back hair 2nd: -change also shown through dialogue -lawyer asks him if he is scared of the court: -he replies â€Å"i just don’t want to be humiliated again† -this brief piece of dialogue shows that he has now changed and does care what others think of him -helps viewer understand how desperate an innocent man can be in the fight for justice 3rd: -use of extended metaphor -viewer sees lawyer gareth pierce driving through a long tunnel while listening to gerrys story -this could be viewed as an extended metaphor for the long dark road gerry has gone down while fighting the legal system -as the story draws to a conclusion she reaches the end of the tunnel, or the ‘light at the end of the tunnel’ -could refer to the point in the story where gerry and the others are finally set free. Read more:  My Father Goes to Court by Carlos Bulosan

Person Centred Approach Essay

The definition of person centred values is treating and seeing people in a care setting as equals, who are involved in decision making to promote an independent way of life and to ensure that the care that is provided is appropriate to their needs. It takes into account service users views and needs and places them, along with their family at the centre of all decision making. Working in a way that embeds person centred values is important to meet the needs of my service user. With my clients it helps to build relationships with them and their family members to ensure a good quality of life and provide the best possible quality of care. This ranges from me attending to my service users personal care needs in a respectful way and to support them to achieve tasks on their own, to choices of what activities they would like to do that can help them to express their individuality or help them to create new relationships and overcome any feelings of social exclusion or devaluation. I also believe it’s important to respect any religious or cultural beliefs that they may have and support the individual to follow their chosen faith. Read more:  Person Centred Care Firstly I would look at the way in which I communicate with my service user. If they are verbal the simplest way I find out about the individual is to talk directly to them as it allows them to fully express themselves and make their own decisions. If non verbal then I would communication methods such as makaton, picture cards and visual aids to learn of their likes and dislikes. Another way is to speak with siblings as they could provide information the client may be unaware of or may have forgotten but also so they are included in the building of the care plan and it helps me build an understanding and a relationship with them. Talking with social workers, previous support workers, doctors or any other professional involved in the clients care an also provide information about their preferences and anything that may be important to the individual. With these methods it helps me find as much information as possible about my service user. In order to take into account the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual when planning care and support I would refer to the principles of person centred care. Rather than just supplying a service, each person should be treated as an individual by offering a personalised service specific to their needs and preferences. For example if an individual enjoyed an activity such as walking but needed support to do so I would plan a time for a walk so that the individual would get enjoyment from doing activities they choose and feel valued. Also, they should be treated them with the same dignity and respect you would want for a member family of your own. Refer to support plans to ensure the highest level of person centred care is maintained. Each individual’s care plan outlines and details the service user’s preferences and day to day requirements so that they receive the specific care and daily support they require from the level of support required with an individual’s personal hygiene and how to do it in a respectful way to what food and activities they like. The information is centred on the individuals wants and needs to ensure independence and choice rather than control, choice should always be offered regardless of importance of the activity or task, therefore each individual’s care plan contributes to working in a person centred way. The term consent means giving permission to do something or agreement to an action and in a care setting consent is needed for a number of things. With my clients I need to ask for consent for administering medication, for help with bills, finances and banking, help with certain type of care such as bathing and personal hygiene. It’s important to gain consent for all activities as lack of it could be deemed as abuse as I would forcing someone to perform or to take part in a task or an activity they don’t want to be involved in. Consent however should not just be gained, but the client must fully understand what they are consenting to and any possible implications that the action or task can imply. It is also essential for protecting myself from any legal challenge. There are a few ways to establish an individual’s consent but it depends upon the individuals preferred communication. The methods I use with my clients are verbal, written notes, visual aids such as picture cards, makaton, some individuals communicate physically with body movements such as a nod or through a representative or advocate. Any of these are forms establishing consent that i would look to use with my clients. Establishing consent will vary as each individual’s capacity to consent is assessed. If consent cannot be established first steps would be to not carry out the task and document the information. If a person is mentally incapable of providing consent then you should refer to the individuals care/support plan that may have been established at a time when they were capable of making informed decisions. If this fails, consent can be given by next of kin or an advocate however I would ensure my client must be involved as much as possible to adhere to person centred values. Active participation is a way of working that allows an individual to be completely involved in every aspect of their lives. This could be what my service users have to eat, what they wear when they go out or go to work in, or it could be planning tasks and activities for the week ahead, deciding on where to go such as day trips out or holidays, arranging appointments to the doctors or the dentists and active participation in services that relate to their own care. Helping to be in control of their lives rather that a passive recipient. Active participation helps individuals by benefitting them in a number of ways. I believe it gives them independence and makes the service user feel in control of their own lives rather than having decisions made for them or having few choices. There are many benefits I’ve noticed such as growth in confidence in social situations, a sense of well being, a sense of achievement of taking control of their lives and I’ve noticed the mental and physical stimulation it also brings. Also encouraging individuals to participate in the planning and arranging of their own care increases their self confidence, independence and it is empowering. There are many ways to reducing barriers of active participation. In order to reduce any barriers to active participation you have to look at what the barriers could be. They could be lack of confidence or self esteem, a lack of opportunity to activities, difficulty in communication and lack of patience of others. To overcome these barriers I support my service users by offering them choices and in every aspect of their day to day lives and offering them opportunity to plan and do activities they enjoy which improves their confidence. I think it’s very important to have the patience to listen to service users and take time to understand how they feel and I find by discussing why they feel like this and talking through it can increase their feeling of self esteem. Communication barriers can be overcome by staff development and training, language and makaton are tools that can be learnt, but there other ways like picture cards and hand gestures I use with some service users to offer choices and to make decisions when they are non verbal. The method I find best to encourage active participation is by communicating and offering choices and then giving praise and encouragement to service users to increase their confidence to then go on to make more decisions in different aspect of their lives for themselves. I find it’s good to look for local events or if they show an interest in a hobby you could find out about local groups that would be prepared to support the individual to participate. You should always highlight the benefits of the activity and getting family members to join in with activities can make a big difference to encouraging participation from individuals. I would support an individual to make informed choices by giving the individual the full information regarding that decision. I would explain the positive and the negative effects of that decision regardless of my beliefs or views as my personal view should not influence an individual’s choice. The choices and decisions can be as simple offering the full information on items when supporting individuals with shopping, giving information on price and helping to find offers or decisions that may require risk assessments to make the individual fully aware of the any risks that may be involved. I believe all staff in a care setting should help to  empower their client by offering the information, knowledge and confidence to make informed decisions. I think risk taking can be part of an individual’s choices because there is risk in many day to day things that we do. Due to the nature of an individual’s disability, a simple task could be deemed a risk and would need risk assessing to make them fully aware of any potential dangers or threats to the individual’s safety. It’s important to make individuals aware of any risks or hazards Risk assessment processes are used to make an individual aware of the positive and negative consequences involved when for example taking part in an activity, we look at and record the risks and hazards involved and then decide if the risk is worth taking. However there are benefits that have to be taken in to consideration as new activities promote confidence and empowers individuals to live more independent lives. Having choice is an individual’s right, risk assessments provide support for them to make decisions in the safest way possible. I believe a worker’s personal views should not influence an individual’s choices because that is taking away their right to make informed choices. My views for example are not fact and should not be used to influence any decisions or life choices. I could inform an individual if a certain food was bad for them and suggest a healthier option however whatever they decide is their choice. Another example is religious or cultural choices and beliefs, my views are my own and I would support them to attend religious or cultural services and acknowledge religious holidays.

Teacher Strike Contract Negotiation Education Essay

Negotiation is acquiring what you want for yourself, household, friend or the company you work for. It produces an understanding that consequences in a solution reached by all parties involved. The declarations reached by either party may be Trade-offs. The tradeoffs are grants that either party are will to waive to run into their dialogue ends. When fixing to negociate we analyze our place, strengths, failings, BATNA, bounds, and scopes of options. When finding your BATNA ( â€Å" Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement † ) lists your options, measure your option. Contract differences and dialogues between the instructors and board members from clip to clip may acquire intense, peculiarly in difficult fiscal times. The strain of problematic dialogues can impact each individual in the school construction, from the board members to the teaching staff, pupils and their defenders. This paper will dwell of why instructors go on work stoppage, how one prepares for dialogue, the five types of power, the scheme one my utilizing during dialogue, and the procedure of the dialogue.Teacher Strike Contract NegotiationCorporate bargaining and work stoppages in peculiar, can be peculiarly troublesome among the communities in which our pupils are from, impacting the results for the school board choice. Most province legislative acts do non name for schools to dicker on issues associating to the educational policy of the school board. Negotiations may fall short to take to a fulfilled understanding between a instructors ‘ brotherhood and a school board. Once good religion attempts fail to decide the dissensions between those involved, a lawful draw occurs. At the clip the draw occurs, active bargaining between the involved parties is typically suspended. If attempts for draw declaration are unsuccessful between the instructors ‘ brotherhood and a school territory, instructors may take to strike to act upon or oblige the board to run into the demands of the brotherhood. Someplace instructors do non hold the right to strike ; province legislative acts on a regular basis enforce pecuniary or comparable punishments on those who strike illicitly. States where work stoppages are allowed in the populace sector, instructors frequently must run into several usher lines prior to the work stoppage.Why Do Teachers travel on StrikeThere are a whole batch of grounds that could take to instructors traveling on work stoppage. Lack of wage is one of the chief grounds that instructors go on work stoppage. The limited resources or suspended plans associated with the production of the schoolroom can do instructors to strike. Puting more or restricting the responsibilities of a instructor, for illustration delegating instructors the responsibility of documenting and publishing suspensions that is the duty of the principal. Prospective alterations to the lesson program that instructors do non agree with may do a work stoppage every bit good. Additional work clip or a diminution in the readying clip is another issue. Modification in the linguistic communication of the contract that could bring forth an uncertainness environing excess duties that can be assigned is another concern. There are a batch of likely arguable concerns aside from wages that might ensue in a work stoppage by a instructors brotherhood. Some even go on work stoppage due to the fact that they do n't experience they were being treated reasonably for all they do. Traveling on work stoppage is non merely about money, it is about learning environment as a whole. Striking is a method to state the board that you are non traveling to be walked all over for all that you do. A batch of instructors do more than their portion of things after school. They provide assistance pupils on their personal clip. They use a batch of their ain money to buy their pupils equipment because the school wo n't supply the resources to them. They take on many excess undertakings that the decision maker has given them despite the heavy work load that they already have ; such as planning, rating, roll uping study cards, go toing meetings, etc. .Fixing for NegotiationWhile in readying for dialogues, you should ever cognize your opposition. In some state of affairss you have come into contact with your opposition in some type of signifier or manner so it has come clip to run into face to face. ( hypertext transfer protocol: ///www.associatedcontent.com/artical/462367/rookie year_baseball_contract_of_christy.html ) During the clip the opposing sides convene, a duologue must be exchanged. The exchange needs to typify the ideas, offers, information, and grants if demands are no reached while at the bargaining tabular array. We must bear in head that first feelings do do the difference. As a consequence, the most indispensable thing to see is that you must ever stand for yourself in a respectable mode. Body linguistic communication can state more than words. ( http: //www.businessetiquettearticles.com/Art/1628/25/Your-Body-Language-Speaks-Louder-Than-Words.html ) â€Å" Successful negotiating is one portion face-to-face treatment and nine parts prep. † ( www.vtvsba.org/streaming/basicnego/basicnego.html ) Collective bargaining entails making research that is detailed, sound, and attentive. Before the board or anyone else for that affair can get down the procedure of negociating, everyone must hold a clear sense of what outcome they are seeking to make and how they plan on obtaining their ends. When fixing for dialogues, board members must look at every facet of the state of affairs at manus. Although the board may hold consulted with other members of the territory, or even province or private attorneies, inquiries refering work stoppage can considerably alter the typical guidelines for fixing to negociate. The size of the school territory will act upon the sort and degree of readying a board must finish. In a smaller territory, deficiency of formality may be the norm, and the negotiants may be familiar with one another ; presently in bigger school territories, the more hard the dialogues and planning will turn out to be. The followers are some added factors that can assist the way of the board ‘s development actions: The sum of force per unit area that exists. The board will hold to modify its attack if instructors are peculiarly hawkish, if the territory ‘s fiscal place has changed markedly, or if a work stoppage deadline is hanging over the board. Your ain attitudes. If the board is convinced it ‘s non traveling to give an inch, or if it is locked into a certain position dictated by legal or fiscal considerations, planning must be adjusted to account for managing these restrictions. The current province of employee dealingss. If employee dealingss are amicable, the grade of planning may be altered by the simple fact that there will be less to negociate. Conversely, if the decision makers, the board, and the employees have been prosecuting in a war over policy issues, be aftering attempts will hold to include a scheme for maintaining those issues off the bargaining tabular array. Teacher dialogues, countenances, and work stoppages are really much a portion of the mundane operations of public schools.A Although there are huge fluctuations throughout the state in the passion of instructor combativeness, no school construction can acquire off from the duty of reacting to the turning influence in educational decision-making.AFive Types of PowerIn instances where dialogues will be used there are five good known schemes that can be referenced? These schemes include legitimate power, wages power, coercive power, adept power, and referent power. All of the five powers have supplied the negociating squads with a benefit, throughout the negotiating patterned advance.Legitimate PowerLegitimate power is derived from the accomplishment to carry because of place. Peoples at superior degrees have power over the people beneath them. On the other manus, each individual with legitimate power implements their ain personal manner. Legitimate power is utile to dialogues in a mixt ure of ways.Reward PowerReward power can be derived from the ability to honor conformity it used to endorse up legitimate power. Potential wagess such as acknowledgment, wage rise, or farther resources to finish a occupation are promised, one may counter by reacting petitions and waies.Coercive PowerCoercive power is the contrary of reward power. It is the capableness to take something off from the nonsubjective individual or to punish the object for non-cooperation with a petition. It is the power to coerce person to make something against their will.Expert PowerAdept power is that which is used by Trade Unions when they persuade their members to strike for better wage or working conditions. It deals with the capacity to act upon others by possessing cognition or accomplishments that they value.Referent PowerReferent power is seldom called personal power. It is the power of personal appeal and celebrity. Referent power occurs when others identify with, like, or otherwise esteem the individual and is associated with magnetic leading. Additionally, there are two diverse signifiers of bargaining ; they are integrative bargaining and distributive bargaining. While faced with a dialogue, the people involved ought to be willing to happen the in-between land and utilize some of the schemes to assist with converting the other side. There are two instances that will demo how the five schemes and dickering guidelines were used to exemplify a encouraging decision in dialogues for all concerned in the procedure The negotiated understanding became the tool for school territories authorization on each status that is negotiated into the signed understanding. As a consequence, the understanding has possible deductions for all that occurs in the schoolrooms of that territory. Issues refering the transportation of instructor policies, guidelines for employee ratings, and all other contractual affairs covering with instructors all have an impact on the value of learning staff, which leads to the quality of instruction that our childs will have.Procedure in NegotiationThe development in the negotiating procedure is besides complicated to nail down since standard public communicating is non a portion of the process. The school community seldom has entree to information ; they have to wait on the school board releases the justification of how the projected declaration will impact the territory ‘s fundss. The public school environment is ever altering with new policies, engineerings and reforms. This presents a trial for each territory ‘s teacher brotherhood and school board partnership.Kenya Teacher StrikeIn an article about Kenya school instructors, more than 200,000 instructors went on work stoppage because of what they were being paid or lack thereof. The National Union of Teachers in Kenya reported that the standard wage for instructors in Kenya was $ 308 monthly, and well lower for new instructors ( Oyaro, 2009 ) . The instructors were over worked and underpaid and the schoolrooms were over crowded. There was besides a deficit of instructor due to the free tuition which besides affected the board from engaging new instructors. Because of issues such as theses the instructor decided to travel on work stoppage. The Education Minister is the dialogue maneuver of bullying ; he tried by endangering them with the loss of their places as instructors to acquire them back in the schoolrooms. This tactic did non work in this instance because the instructors knew the Minister was bluffing and could non fire them all one clip, so they called his bluff. The instructors stuck to their guns no affair what the effect was in hopes that one of their demand were met. The work stoppage lasted 10 yearss before an understanding was reached between the Kenya National Union of Teachers and the Education Minster. The understanding was achieved by utilizing integrative bargaining on behalf of the instructors. The curate agreed to increase the instructor ‘s wages ; but, it was to be done in stages and over clip. â€Å" The first wage rise of 40 % would get down in July, † he said, â€Å" with farther additions in 2010 and 2011. † In utilizing integrative bargaining, both sides leave the dialogue s satisfied ; the instructors will have the rises they demanded and the Education Minister will hold his instructors back in the schoolroom. Peoples occupied with unusual fortunes are faced with determinations that have to be made mundane. Because of the determinations made on a day-to-day footing we must trust on dialogue schemes. When we use the dialogue schemes, two key schemes come into drama ; enchantress would be the integrative and riotous bargaining. Integrative bargaining is two diverse people or parties in favour of a jointly favourable contract based on the parties ‘ benefit of coming to a win-win declaration. Disruptive bargaining is where the people involved reach a contract ensuing from the misgiving and incredulity by one party concluding in a win-lose solution.Kent Teacher StrikeTeachers have negotiated contracts which will non merely have an consequence on their ain lives every bit good as the schoolroom atmosphere. Teachers in Kent, Washington went on work stoppage when and contractual understanding could non be reached. The last straw that broke the camel ‘s dorsum was the overcrowding in th e schoolrooms fell from 29 to 26 ( Beckley, 2009 ) . The integrative bargaining scheme was used in the Kent schools survey. Although a figure of people have said that traveling on work stoppage simply hurts the community and those involved in the school system, others may challenge that this should hold been good for the pupils in the schoolroom. Because the instructors received a smaller schoolroom contract with the school territory the instructors should increase their clip spent with each pupil to travel over lessons or prep jobs. Even though the Washington school had to gestate to some of the commissariats of the instructors, the result was non taking the desperate terminals of the dialogue. This finally described Integrative bargaining. Integrative bargaining occurs when both sides reach an understanding where both parties benefit from the state of affairs and is a win-win solution.Negotiation SchemesThe dialogue attack pattern in this instance to keep the school board ‘s demand to re-look at the bounds while turn toing the issues of the stakeholders was the integrative dialogue attack which aims at aiming a win-win result for all involved in the dialogue. The word integrative translates to unite legion parts into one piece. Theoretically, this implies some coaction, or a connection of forces to achieve togetherness. Typically it employs a higher extent of assurance and the chance of a partnership. All involved may desire to walk off with a sense that they ‘ve accomplished something that has valu e by having what each wants. ( http: //www.negotiations.com/articles/negotiation-types/ ) â€Å" Integrative bargaining ( besides called â€Å" interest-based bargaining, † â€Å" win-win bargaining † ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/essay/interest-based_bargaining/ ) is a dialogue attack that all involved work together to happen a â€Å" win-win † declaration to their difference of sentiment. The attack focuses on developing every bit good contracts based on the involvements of the other party involved. The Interests could incorporate the demands, wants, concerns, and uncertainties of import to the other. The above instance for the Kent, Washington school board can successfully utilize integrative bargaining to develop a most favourable result in the best involvements for all involved in the dialogue procedure. Measure one would be to sort the indispensable involvement of everyone involved, which would include the parents of the school every bit good. â€Å" The bottom line is that we need to calculate out why people feel the manner they do, why they are demanding and what they are demanding. † We besides must inquire ourselves how the other side interprets our demands. The possible effects of a contract must be analyzed, as if you were on the other squad looking at them for the first clip. After involvements are identified, the parties need to work together hand in glove to seek to calculate out the best ways to run into those involvements. Often by â€Å" brainstorming † — naming all the options anyone can believe of without knocking or disregarding anything ab initio, parties can come up with originative new thoughts for meeting involvements and demands that had non occurred to anyone earlier. The end is a win-win result, giving each side as much of their involvement s as possible, and plenty, at a lower limit that they see the result as a win, instead than a loss. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/essay/interest-based_bargaining/ ) As mentioned above in the inquiry that major concerns of the parents are related to quality of instruction, impact of such enlargement on belongings values, societal effects on kids due to such redrawing of limitations, increased travel clip and traversing cultural and economic boundaries. The school board can offer optimum solution in each of these countries to come out with a win-win state of affairs and convert the parents to accept the redrawing of boundaries. For illustration, sing the concern related to quality of instruction, the school governments can show facts that redrawing of boundaries will really better the quality of instruction by supplying much larger and improved substructure to pupils. Further, school can supply a program to parents that will convert parents that school has the capableness to supply highest quality of instruction even with larger figure of pupils. The school will necessitate to supply a concrete program to the parents with elaborate information about their schemes to keep quality with larger figure of pupils.DecisionNegotiation is an of import and valuable tool for deciding struggle when all parties involved have a shared committedness to making a collaborative, joint result that satisfies both parties demands and involvements. Cultural considerations play an of import function in the dialogue procedure as all of the histrions bring with them their ain specific cultural behaviours ; that is their forms of th ought, feeling, moving and most significantly, their ain set of culturally shared values. Many dialogue scenarios may affect work stoppages of some step. In the illustration of the Kent, WA instructors, the instructors were highlighted as having an understanding that was non a benefit merely to them. The benefit was besides extended out to the community and pupils to demo concern therefore finding an integrative bargaining scheme. Negotiation schemes are used by every individual and organisation on a day-to-day footing. While some may non recognize they are utilizing them, the schemes are being used in some form or signifier. I did take the advice of my teacher and equals. I watched my grammatical mistakes, added sub-topics to that the paper can hold a better flow for the readers. All in all I think this is a good paper.