In order to advise Wan, the principles of law Essay Example

In order to advise Wan, the principles of law Essay Example In order to advise Wan, the principles of law Essay In order to advise Wan, the principles of law Essay Omar wants to cognize whether he can halt Sarah from runing the concern from her belongings and whether he can implement entree rights across her land. He would besides wish to cognize whether he could take a firm stand on the hard-on of a boundary wall and farther, guarantee a part towards the drainage disbursals he has incurred. Omar’s possible rights root from compacts which Natasha entered into with Paul and besides an involvement which may be an easement. First covering with the compacts: A compact is a promise made by title [ 1 ] . When the compacts were originally made, Natasha bore the load of these compacts whilst Paul had the benefit. [ 2 ] As Omar was non secluded to the original promises made by Natasha to Paul, he can merely hold gained their benefit if it passed to him with the land. Common jurisprudence has developed four conditions for the benefit to go through. First, the compact must ‘touch and concern’ the land of the covenantee. The trial here, laid down inSwift Investings[ 3 ],demands that: the compact lacks public-service corporation if separated from the land, must impact its value or quality, and be ‘non-personal’ in nature. Satisfaction of this trial may be contended in visible radiation ofCrest Nicholson[ 4 ] which states that whilst â€Å"the benefit of a †¦covenant must be annexed to place land†¦it can be so annexed for a limited clip ( such as whilst it remains the belongings of the current proprietor [ 5 ] ) .† [ 6 ] However, it seems on balance that the three compacts appear to fulfill this first status. Second, the purpose ( when doing the compact ) for the benefit to run must be evidenced, although by virtuousness of s78 LPA [ 7 ] this can now be inferred. Third, when the compact was made the covenantee must hold held the legal estate in the land. In this instance, Paul was the covenantee when the compacts were made and he was the freehold proprietor of the land to which the compacts relate. Finally, in order to implement the compacts, rubric must hold been derived from under the original covenantee. Omar’s rubric was derived from Paul ( the original covenantee ) . Appare ntly, Omar has the benefit of both positive and restrictive compacts. Sarah will merely bear the load of these rights if it has passed to her with the land. At common jurisprudence the load will non run [ 8 ] , but in equityTulk V Moxhay[ 9 ] well introduced non-statutory land planning [ 10 ] .Tulk V Moxhayis merely applicable to restrictive compacts and turns on the issue of ‘notice’ . The consequence is, for so long as Sarah had notice of the limitation to utilize the land for concern intents, she would hold the load of this compact. The other compacts are both positive in their nature. The House of Lords inRhone V Stephens[ 11 ] â€Å"definitely ruled that, in freehold land, the load of a positive compact can non in equity be enforced against replacements in rubric of the original covenantor† [ 12 ] . Using the fact that â€Å"the original covenantor remains apt on his covenant† [ 13 ] , Omar could potentially seek to implement his rights under the positive compact against Natasha. Of class, it is likely to be more convenient to seek to implement breaches of compact against Sarah as she is readily accessible. In conformity with usual pattern, it is likely that Natasha, in order to avoid liability for future breaches of compact, would seek an insurance from Sarah, yet Sarah may hold disputed this as Natasha had already breached the compact to raise the wall by transcending the clip status. In respect to the payment towards the care of the drainage, the regulation inHalsall V Brizell[ 14 ] should use. This regulation dictates that if the benefit of a compact is to be accepted so the load of the compact must besides be born. The application of this regulation means that as Sarah has the benefit of the drains she will besides hold assumed the load of this compact. Turning so to rede in regard of the two entree issues. First, there is the entree by route from Miskin Court to the North. Second, there is the cutoff which Omar’s household have enjoyed through the fencing. It must be asked whether there is an involvement nowadays with the features of an easement and if so, whether the easement was decently created. An easement is a right over a piece of land for the benefit of another piece of land. It is a proprietary involvement enjoyed by an estate proprietor and is merely accessory to the land.Re Ellenborough Park[ 15 ] gives the features of an easement: There must be both dominant and servient tenements, the involvement must suit the dominant tenement, there must be diverseness in ownership or business and the involvement must be capable of organizing the capable affair of a grant. It appears that the entree rights have the needed features of an easement. The easements have non been created expressly as they were non mentioned in the title of transportation. It would hold been utile for Paul to include an express reserve in the transference of conveyance to Natasha so that he could reserve the usage of the route to the North of Miskin Court. However, upon finding of the facts, it may be possible to reason the implied grant of easement of necessity. Sarah, as the current proprietor of the servient tenement, has the right to procure her land, but should supply Omar with a key. In respect to the cutoff, for an easement to be created by prescription, there must hold been 20 old ages uninterrupted usage, non by force, in secret or with permission. As Omar’s household have been utilizing this for ‘as long as he can remember’ it is possible that an easement would hold been created by prescription and he can implement this right, if necessary, by taking the obstructor which Sarah erected. It appears that Omar can asseverate and implement all of the rights addressed against Sarah, or in the instance of the wall, perchance against Natasha depending upon the facts. Bibliography Legislation Law of Property Act 1925 Land Registration Act 2002 Cases Crest Nicholson Residential ( South ) Ltd V McAllister[ 2004 ] EWCA Civ 410 [ 2004 ] 15 EGCS 105 Halsall V Brizell[ 1957 ] Ch 169 Keppell V Bailey( 1834 ) 2 My A ; K 517 Rhone V Stephens1994 2 AC 310 Re Ellenborough Park[ 1956 ] Ch 131 Swift ( P A ; A ) Investments V Combined English Stores Group[ 1989 ] AC 632 Tulk V Moxhay( 1848 ) 2 Ph 774 Webb V Russell( 1789 ) 3 Tr 393 Articles Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 1994, Nov/Dec Property Law Bulletin 2004, 25 ( 2 ) Text MacKenzie, J.-A. A ; Phillips, M.Textbook on Land Law,( 9Thursdayerectile dysfunction. Oxford University Press 2002 ) 1

Verbally and Orally

Verbally and Orally Verbally and Orally Verbally and Orally By Maeve Maddox Laurel asks: Can you please clarify when to use verbally and when to use orally? Verbally comes from Latin verbum, word. Its adjective form verbal is often used in the sense of spoken, and contrasted with written. Here are some examples from a discussion about giving notice to a landlord: If you give notice verbally and not in writing, is it legally binding? A verbal agreement should be binding. BUT there is nothing like a written agreement Its always better to do everything in writing†¦ Nothing works verbally in law. Verbally is used in other contexts to mean with words or words without action: The woman abused her children verbally. He has no patience with people who verbally profess charity, but do nothing to relieve the misery of others. Orally comes from Late Latin oralis, which comes from Latin os, mouth. It means by mouth. Like verbally, orally is sometimes use in the sense of spoken: Teachers shall require book reports to be presented orally. More often, orally means by mouth How to get a 3 year old to take medicine orally How to Give Cat Medicine Orally Since taking medicine orally involves swallowing it, the following example from the web is overkill: [What] if someone orally swallowed some Lidocaine? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsThat vs. Which8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Ethics - Essay Example e that the engineers of Telecommunications did influence the decision-making process by establishing engineering specifications that only BNC could meet. The engineers received free travel and lodging from BNC but only after the job was completed. Is there anything wrong with this picture? Yes, if the situation transpired as has been described above, then the kick backs for free travel are merely extended as a direct result of the prior unethical level of business interaction between the two parties in question (Santoro, 2010). 3. Do you think that Ed Keller is right to be concerned about the values of Telecommunications and the senior engineers who accepted the offers of free travel and lodging? Why or why not? If you believe that Keller’s concerns are warranted, which values should be of concern to him? He is right to be concerned; however, he must also be careful with regards to appearing to overstep the boundaries of his job description. Ultimately, entire ethics departments and legal teams exist as a means of understanding the unique nuances of performing business in transnational settings; however, if legitimately concerned with regards to the bid process, he should have merely asked what was standard accepted practice rather than appearing to question the legality or ethical nature of the engagement that took place in Colombia (Cragg & Muchlinski, 2013). In this way he would not have come across in an accusatory tone but instead appeared as if he were merely hoping to gain a greater level of knowledge with regards to standard

Jainism and ahimsa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jainism and ahimsa - Assignment Example Secondly, the religion helps in reducing violence since it emphasizes on complete nonviolence to all living beings (Kenneth 2014). As such, the religion promotes peace in the society by urging its followers to maintain a serene, peaceful environment that does not harm anybody or anything. Thirdly, the religion promotes equality of all living things. In general, there is an improvement in the moral behavior of people since the followers practice their beliefs in day-to-day life and observe the vows keenly. On the other hand, Jainism religion is seemingly ancient and the followers of the religion are outdated. Moreover, Jainism has many restrictions that are seemingly obscure and senseless. For instance, it is unrealistic to practice vegetarianism when we visit our friends since we cannot question the ingredients of every food. Apparently, Jainism is only reasonable for a minority. The extreme rules are not flexible to changes that apply to modern religions. In addition, many people wonder what the followers think about God and the life after death. Most religions also believe that it is not possible to exist without killing living creatures and

Except for Native Americans Essay Example for Free

Except for Native Americans Essay These are very powerful words. Even though Native Americans were the first settlers’ of the continent, they were considered immigrants. This paper will discuss the issues these people faced, such as stratification, pluralism, discrimination, etc. It will also describe the role of politics, public policies and economics within this group. The tale of Native Americans, like other ethnic groups, is a tale of deceit. It began when Christopher Columbus and his European friends first came to North America. Columbus assumed he reached India; therefore he had no problems with calling the native people â€Å"Indians†. These indigenous people taught the Europeans how to survive on their continent. They were experienced in hunting and gathering so they felt it was only fair to share their knowledge to help a fellow man out. In return these men brought diseases to these tribes and forced them into a type of slavery. â€Å"As a conquered population, the subordination of Indians occurred through a highly conflictual process. An indigenous group invaded by a more powerful settler group can only capitulate or, more commonly, resist. This ordinarily makes for a high level of conflict and rejection of assimilation into the dominant group† (Marger, 2012). The North American settlers’ deemed the natives uncivilized and inferior (pertaining to technology). Contact and ethnocentrism is a factor of stratification but are not as important as competition and differential power. The land, as a valued resource, caused competition between Indian-white relations. The land was not viewed as private property. The Europeans’ technological skills are what gave them the advantage in war. â€Å"When the vastly superior arms of the colonialists were combined with the inability of Indians to resist the diseases introduced by the Europeans, it was inevitable that whites would prevail in the struggle for resources and that Native populations would decline† (Marger, 2012). The natives did not want to conform to the culture of the new settlers’. They were furious with them and did not want to take on anything they had. The notion of Indians as â€Å"savages† speaks to the prejudice and discrimination that was brought up earlier. This served as reasoning for stripping them of their land. Once it was established the â€Å"Indians† posed no threat to the Europeans, they produced a racist ideology that allowed them to treat these indigenous people as less than human. Some people were forced onto different reservations, thus birthing negative stereotypes, attitudes and actions. As if breaking the Native Americans down and shedding them of their land was not enough, the Europeans’ forced them to assimilate. Native Americans, in order to be a part of the American way, had to give up their religions and put Christianity in its’ place, â€Å"denying Indians native languages and substituting English, and reducing education to an effort to ‘civilize’ Indians† (Marger, 2012). Their children were separated from their families for years at a time when they were placed in boarding schools, run to by the government. They were taught to speak English, wear Westernized clothing, and pray as Christians (Marger, 2012). Government policies had two goals, in a nut shell, it wanted to â€Å"(1) eliminate the Native American population as an impediment to western settlement and the needs of an expanding American economy, and (2) eradicate Native American cultures and political forms† (Marger, 2012). No matter where the Native Americans reside, urban areas or on reservations, they are below the national average on majority of the socioeconomic measures (I.e. , income, education, health care, and etc. ) These give the Europeans more reasons to stereotype and discriminate. Indians were and are still on the bottom of the hierarchy and therefore the minority. To conclude, the natives have been through so much and have yet to come back from it all. Their land was taking over and they were forced to conform to the ways of the Europeans. The Europeans’ superiority meant their culture was more enhanced and therefore needed to be implemented. Discrimination was strong. The disdain for the natives was exemplified when their children were taking away from their families so they can be taught to speak English, and other ways of the West. Today, Americans are showing sympathy for the continued predicament of the Native Americans. Although we cannot take back what happened, expressing sympathy is a positive start. Reference Marger, M. (2012). Race and ethnic relations: American and global perspectives (9th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Affirmitive Action :: essays research papers

The debate over affirmative action is a debate over the conflict of rights. This conflict of rights makes a clear-cut ruling or decision on the subject almost unattainable. However, there can be arguments made both for and against affirmative action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supporters of affirmative action claim that racism and sexism can only be overcome by taking race and sex into account in finding a solution. They think that giving everyone equal rights is not enough to overcome the burden. Therefore, for everyone to be truly equal some people must be given certain benefits. So in hiring, acceptance to college, and other related things, businesses or colleges must hire or accept applicants on the basis of sex and race. In doing so they should give preference to blacks, women, and other minorities. This preference in hiring and accepting to level out the playing field is often called equality of results. Lately, affirmative action has taken the role of trying to diversify the environment of jobs and colleges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, you have people who do not believe in or support the idea of affirmative action. They believe in the equality of opportunity rather than the equality of results. Equality of opportunity means that everyone should have the same rights and opportunities from the beginning, and what the individual does with those rights is up to them. People that do not agree with affirmative action often argue that if it is wrong to take away rights on the basis of race or sex, then it would also be wrong to give extra rights or preference to someone on the basis of their race or sex. This reverse discrimination seems to go against the principle it was founded on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Naturally, the Supreme Court has gotten involved with this controversial issue. Out of the twelve major Supreme Court cases that have been heard, half have been upheld and half have been overturned. The major issue in the courts has been whether or not a quota system set up by the government would be legal. Most who support affirmative action think a quota system would be necessary, and conversely those who do not support affirmative action would not support a quota system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There have been mixed rulings in the Supreme Court so it is still hard to say whose side is right. In 1978, 1989, and 1993 the Supreme Court ruled against a quota system in the workplace.

Industrial and organizational psychology Essay

Industrial organizational psychology is an area of psychology that focuses on studying people in their working environment. The role can also involve focusing on workplace dynamics and organizational structures. Through the use of industrial organizational psychologists, work places can improve the success of their organizationIndustrial organizational psychology first began in the earlier 20th century when it was found that troops returning from World War I needed therapy to regain morale. It wasn’t until after World War II that the field really grew, and as the 20th century progressed the use of a industrial organizational psychologist in the work place became more common. Those who work as an industrial organizational psychologist can expect to spend a lot of time working with statistics. As developing initiatives on behalf of businesses depends on science-based research, the industrial organizational psychology relies heavily on working with large numbers.There are many functions performed by industrial psychologists which include: Personnel Psychology is a subfield of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.[1] Personnel psychology is the area of industrial/organizational psychology that primarily deals with the recruitment, selection and evaluation of personnel, and other job aspects such as morale, job satisfaction, and relationships between managers and workers in the workplace.[2] It is the field of study that concentrates on the selection and evaluation of employees; this area of psychology deals with job analysis and defines and measures job performance, performance appraisal, employment testing, employment interviews. Personnel psychology is used in a variety of ways. Some of the most important functions it serves range from analyzing corporate culture and individual and group interactions to developing and evaluating employee selection and appraisal techniques. Other areas of use are assessing corporate leadership and employee motivation strategies, identifying causes and resolutions to internal conflicts, advising management of the potential psychological and social impact of corporate policies, and researching ways organizations can effectively manage cultural differences and leadership styles.[5] Personnel psychologists work in a variety of settings, including education, business, community, and agency environments.

Bacardi Breezer and the Marketing Mix

Bacardi Breezer and the Marketing mix Following the success of Bacardi rum, created in 1829 (Smith, 2002) the company decided to diversify in 1994 launching Bacardi Breezers. These are â€Å"refreshing blend of Barcardi rum, fruit juices, exotic flavourings and sparkling mineral water† (http://www. thedrinkshop. com/products/nlpdetail. php? prodid=410) Bacardi were the first to launch ready-to-drink alchopops and are currently the market leader in the segment.The Bacardi Breezers come in many different flavours such as watermelon, orange, line, pineapple, peach, grapefruit and cranberry. Bacardi also more recently brought out a half-sugar range with zesty lemon and raspberry flavours. Its fun colourful packaging with the distinctive bacardi logo is perfect for its target market of 18-24's. I do feel that Breezers may possibly be aimed more towards females with how colourful the alco-pops are, however that does not mean to say that Breezers don't appeal to males.The packaging i s the same for all bottles except the colour of the smaller labels determine the flavour of the alcopop being consumed. The bottles tend to only come in two different sizes, the smaller 275ml bottles which are most popular with the on-trade but are sold by both, and the 700ml bottle sold only by the off-trade. The 275ml bottles are also only available in 4 packs whereas competitors such as Smirnoff Ice sell 12 bottle packs.The â€Å"core† benefit of Bacardi breezer as a product is that it gets the consumer intoxicated, however this is not the only reason for consumption. When planning a product the core benefit is turned into an actual product, which then become the tangible benefits â€Å"they need to develop product and service features, design, a quality level, a brand name and packaging. † 1 (Armstrong, G. (2009) Marketing An Introduction. Essex, Pearson Education. ) So bacardi breezers product feature is its pre-mixed contents, its service features being helplines .Its design being more colourful than Bacardi's previous products makes it more attractive to the younger market its aimed at. Bacardi have set themselves a high quality level, â€Å"Breezer made the decision to maintain its premium pricing to reinforce its quality positioning and thus kept its price at the top of the range† (Case Study information. ) Having already established a brand name as Bacardi, Breezers packaging is very different to the core products as its fresh and modern rather than aiming for the more cosmopolitan market.For Bacardi's Augmented benefits however these are harder to distinguish as there is no need for installation or very much after sale service, although they do offer a warranty if you are not satisfied you can return the packaging and they will try to rectify the problem. Original Bacardi rum has a much simpler packaging which aims to interest its target market of women aged 25-39. In comparison to Breezers it is much more sophisticated and doesn 't have the playful edge that is associated with Breezers.In my opinion Bacardi rum is more likely to be seen is cocktail bars and contemporary pubs, whereas Breezers are spotted in nightclubs and consumed by a younger group whilst getting ready for a night out. Bacardi have also diversified into other pre-mixed drinks and introduced Bacardi Siler targeted at 21-27 year old young professionals enjoy being in a bar situation but don't necessarily like beer. (http://directmag. com/mag/marketing_million_push_rolls/) This also includes the mojito range which I feel makes it again more sophisticated than Breezers.Price is the amount charged for a product or service, the following table shows prices of the off trade for Bacardi Breezers. This indicates a competitive pricing strategy as Bacardi have set premium prices compared to some competitors in order to maintain the quality level expected of them and also the image of a better product that competitors, however they tend to be around t he same price as Smirnoff Ice and WKD in order to not be under-cut by these same quality competitors.Therefore Bacardi take note of what their direct competitors are doing and to an extent follow suit afterwards. It is clear that as market leader there is enough demand for Breezers at a premium price to its lower quality competitors such as Caribbean Twist. It is hard however to determine the definite pricing strategy for Breezers as there isn't enough widely spread information about Breezers marketing strategy this is because they are a private limited company and does not have to publish this information. The prices of on-trade prices vary widely from ? 2 to ? 3. 0 however most on-trade companies do not freely advertise their prices and therefore have more choice as to what to charge. It is clear however that in a social environment such as a nightclub prices will be higher than that of the off-trade as you are also paying for the experience. The on-trade tend to use value-added p rices in order to make more of a profit. Through research I have found that there are few pubs which actually sell Breezers over the counter, but almost every nightclub sells them which further indicates that Breezers are targeted at the younger market.The off-trade distribution channel for Bacardi Breezers is Producer -; Distribution centres -; Retailers -; Consumers. This is only a short channel of distribution, the reason for this is that Breezers do not need to go through many processes to be produced and therefore all production is in house. I feel that Bacardi could not use a distribution channel of only Producer -; Consumer as it is not that type of product and this way of distribution would not provide enough opportunity for marketing.Supermarkets such as Tesco can also benefit from economies of scales due to the size of their organisations and can then pass some of these savings onto the consumers. The on-trade distribution channel is Producer -; Distribution centres -; Who lesalers -; Retailers -; Consumers. The on-trade have a longer distribution channel as they will have wholesalers, this is due to the lack or storage for nightclus and they will also then benefit from economies of scale.The Breezer advertising campaign is very similar to that of WKD one of their competitors, Bacardi's slogan is ‘Bacardi Breezer: there’s Latin spirit in everyone’ (Cozens, 1999) whereas WKD uses â€Å"Have you got a WKD side? † (http://www. dooyoo. co. uk/drinks/wkd-blue/1305067/). It is clear that there is a huge focus on promotion for Breezers, this is known from the fact that they launched a ? 5. 6m advertising campaign in 1999.This was their main promotion of Breezers since the launch and this was what established the widespread product knowledge of Breezers consumers. Bacardi also used advertising to keep themselves ahead of the competition, â€Å"they ensure that they spend more on advertising and promotion than any of their rivalsâ⠂¬  (Case Study information). This means that if consumers are seeing more promotion from Bacardi Breezers, they will stick in their mind more than competitors such as WKD and therefore means that they will be more inclined to buy Breezers rather than its competitors.Bacardi Breezer – Segmentation and Targeting Bacardi Breezer, as said previously, targets 18-24's specifically those who are party-goers. This target market I feel do not have very much brand loyalty, this is due to the fact that a vast amount of this market are students and tend to change their buying habits very often. This means that it may be difficult to keep the same customers, which is why Bacardi need to constantly innovate and also advertise as much as possible.Their characteristics are the common interest in socialising and wanting a fun young alternative to beer and wine. Bacardi segments their market using their packaging for instance 18 year old will want the smaller 275ml bottle when they are out d rinking in pubs and clubs whereas 24 year olds would want the larger 700ml bottles that are available to put in their fridges at home. This means that they have different advertising campaigns for each size as they are aimed at different market segments.Bacardi uses the marketing mix by having different size bottles for their market segments and therefore having different prices as both ends of their target markets will have varying amounts of disposable income. Bacardi also use different types of promotion for the two alternatives in order to enable them to gain the interest of as many consumers as possible. Finally place is very important to how Bacardi targets their consumers as the younger end of their market buy more from the on-trade with the older ones purchasing increased amounts from the off-trade.

Synthesis of 7.7-Dichlorobicyclo [4.1.0]Heptane †Phase Transfer Catalysis Essay Example

Synthesis of 7.7 Synthesis of 7.7-Dichlorobicyclo [4.1.0]Heptane – Phase Transfer Catalysis Paper Synthesis of 7.7-Dichlorobicyclo [4.1.0]Heptane – Phase Transfer Catalysis Paper Abstract The preparation of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane which is also known as 7,7-dichloronorcarane was done by reacting cyclohexene , chloroform and a base( 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide) with benzyl triethylammonium chloride. The latter being a water soluble phase transfer catalyst (PTC). reaction was performed at room temperature and was distilled at atmospheric pressure. The mechanism of action of the above mentioned PTC is described in the text along with the mechanism for the addition of a dichlorocarbene. The percentage yield obtained was 38. 0%. This is considerably low due to an unfortunate spillage of the product at the stage of semi- micro distillation. Introduction Phase transfer catalysts (PCT) are used to catalyze reactions involving chemical species which are present in different phases. These types of reactions are known as a homogeneous two phase reactions and are usually very slow because the two primary reactants (in this case CHCl3 and NaOH) are in diffe rent phases. The reaction catalyzed in this experiment is the addition of a dichlorocarbene to cyclohexene. The dichlorocarbene must first be generated in solution and this is done using the strong base, 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide, with the aid of the PTC. The benzyl triethylammonium chloride (PTC in this experiment) serves as a transporter of OH ions which dissociate from sodium, from the aqueous phase to the organic phase where chloroform is present. The reaction between OH ions and chloroform can then proceed to generate the dichlorocarbene which then reacts with cyclohexene to produce the desired product. The dissociation of NaOH and the subsequent transporting reaction between the PTC and OH ion is illustrated below. Previously, literature reports describing the generation of a dichlorocarbene often have low yields due to the reaction been conducted under strict anhydrous conditions. The reason for these conditions is because once a dichlorocarbene is generated in an aqueous solution, it readily undergoes hydrolysis to yield undesired products (see reactions a and b below). 2 These side reactions are avoided when the reaction is carried out in a biphase system in the presence of concentrated NaOH and a quartenary ammonium PTC. The effectiveness of this procedure was first demonstrated by Makosza and resulted in high yields of 7. -dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane. 2 Results Preparation of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane Cyclohexene Chloroform Mass: 2 . 05 grams Volume: 10 ml Molecular Weight: 82. 08 g/mol Density: 1. 49g/ml Melting point: 104 oC Molecular Weight: Amount: 0. 0249 mol Amount: 0. 13 mol Cyclohexene and Cloroform react in a 1: 1 stochiometric ratio therefore cyclohexene is cle arly the limiting reagent in this reaction. Therefore the maximum amount of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane that can be formed is 0. 249 mol. 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane Mass: 1. 58 g Molecular Weight: 163. 04 g/mol Boiling point: 180-190 degrees Celsius Amount: 0. 0096 mol Percentage Yield = actual amount of product / theoretical amount of product = 1. 58 g/ 4. 072g x 100 = 38. 80% Discussion The synthesis of the desired product (7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane)was obtained by following the experimental procedure very carefully but due to unfortunate circumstances during the actual practical, some of the product was lost by spillage at the stage of semi-micro distillation. Therefore the actual yield of product recovered was quiet low which resulted in a final percentage yield of only 38. 80%. Nevertheless the rest of the experiment was carried out with as much precision as possible. After the addition of all the reactants, the reaction flask was placed under reflux, warmed and stirred vigorously for 40 minutes. It was necessary to stir the reaction intensely to ensure that the organic and aqueous layer in the reaction flask is well mixed, hence promoting mass transfer of the OH ion to the Chloroform molecule at the phase interface. The vigorous stirring also increases the turbulence in the reaction flask which facilitates collisions between the primary reactants. This is needed for the reaction to occur at an optimum rate. Hence, the rate constants of the reaction increase as stirring speed increases. If the reaction mixture was not stirred at high speeds, the reaction will not proceed to yield maximum product in the given time and will result in low percentage yields. It was during this stirring time that the action of the PTC is significant. The mechanism of action of the PTC is illustrated and explained below. The base used in this reaction is a strong one (NaOH) which dissociated completely in the aqueous phase to give an excess of OH ions which is needed for the generation of the dichlorocarbene in the organic phase. As seen above, benzyl triethylammonium chloride undergoes a nucleophillic substitution with NaOH. The hydroxyl group from the base displaces the chloride group on the PTC which results in the formation of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide. The PTC is now able to transport the OH ion to the organic phase where it can react with chloroform. The three step mechanism describing the formation of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. ]heptane is illustrated and explained below. In step one, the hydroxyl group transported into the organic layer via the PTC deprotonates the chloroform molecule to form water. The water subsequently moves into the aqueous layer keeping the water content in the organic layer low. This is important since an accumulation of water can result in undesired reactions be tween chloroform or carbine with water. These reactions (a and b) are illustrated below. 3 Deprotonation of chloroform results in the formation of a trichloromethide anion. 2 . It follows that this anion then slowly releases a chloride group to form the dichlorocarbene (mechanism 2). Here the PTC can also transport the chloride ions back to the aqueous phase via a base-induced ? -elimination. The carbine then attacks the double bond of cyclohexene to finally produce 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane. An Infrared and Gas chromatography analysis was done on the product for identification purposes. The IR spectra were analyzed and the C-Cl bond was identified in the region 580-785 cm-1. The sp3 hybridized C-H bonds were identified in the region just below 3000cm-1. CH2 bending and stretching peaks were identified in the region 1250-1465cm-1. The gas chromatogram had two peaks and this could be due to the possibility of obtaining an impure product. These spectra are attached at the end of this report. Conclusion The synthesis of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane achieved in a reasonable duration of time with the aid of the phase transfer catalyst, benzyl triethylammonium chloride which facilitated the generation of the dichlorocabene which reacted with hexane to produce the desired product. The percentage yield however was low (38. 80%) due to a loss of product at the final distillation step. Experimental Synthesis of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane Cyclohexene (2. 5g), chloroform (10. 00ml) and benzyl triethylammonium chloride (0. 26g) was placed in a 100ml quick fit conical flask. To the flask, 10ml of 50% aqueous NaOH was added using an addition funnel. A reflux condenser and a dropping funnel were then set up over the flask. 1ml of 50% aqueous NaOH was poured into the addition funnel and was added to the rea ction mixture. The reaction flask was then gently heated and vigorously stirred over a heater/stirrer unit with the aid of a magnetic stirrer. The remainder 9ml of aqueous NaOH solution was then added drop wise over the next 20 minutes while the reaction mixture was to refluxing. After the addition was complete the mixture was left to reflux for a further 40minutes. When the waiting period had elapsed, 15 ml of saturated sodium chloride and 15ml of hexane was slowly added to the reaction mixture. The mixture was then transferred to a separating funnel and the lower aqueous layer was separated and discarded. The organic layer was washed with two portions 25 ml of deionised water and was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulphate. A distillation apparatus was set up and the solvents from the dried organic layer were distilled off using a steam bath. The distillate was then discarded and the remaining liquid was transferred to semi micro distillation apparatus where the product was distilled used a Bunsen burner. The product was then weighed and the % yield was calculated. References IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd Edition (1997) Thayilekannu Balakrishnan and J. Paul Jayachandran, CHEM. SOC. PERKIN TRANS ,1995, 208, Charles M. Starks, Charles Leonard Liotta, Medical, 1994, 232, 668 Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S, Organic Laboratory, 2004, 1028 Mieczyslaw Makosza,Pure Appl. Chem. , , 2000, Vol. 72, No. 7, pp. 1399–1403.

Biography of Alfred Nobel, Inventor of Dynamite

Biography of Alfred Nobel, Inventor of Dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel (October 21, 1833–December 10, 1896) was a Swedish inventor, chemist, and businessman known for inventing dynamite and establishing the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, Peace, and Literature. Fast Facts: Alfred Nobel Occupation: ChemistKnown For: Inventor of dynamite; established the Nobel PrizesBorn: October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, SwedenParents: Immanuel and Karolina NobelEducation: Private teachers in St. Petersburg and lab work in Paris (no formal degree)Died: December 10, 1896 in San Remo, Italy Early Life Alfred Nobel was born October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, one of 8 children born to Immanuel and Andriette Nobel. The same year Nobel was born, his father, a building constructor, went bankrupt due to financial misfortune and a fire that destroyed much of his work. In 1837, Immanuel left Stockholm for Russia, establishing himself in St. Petersburg as a successful mechanical engineer providing equipment for the Russian Army. Immanuel’s work included explosive mines, which would detonate when a ship hit them. These mines worked by using a small explosion to set off big ones, an insight which would be important to inventing dynamite. Immanuel’s family joined him in St. Petersburg in 1842. There, Nobel was educated by private teachers, learning the natural sciences, languages, and literature. One of Nobel’s chemistry teachers was Professor Nikolai Zinin, who first told Nobel about nitroglycerine, the explosive chemical in dynamite. Though Nobel was interested in poetry, his father wanted him to become an engineer and sent him abroad to study chemical engineering. Nobel never obtained a degree or attended a university. However, he worked in the lab of Professor Jules Pà ©louze in Paris. Mass Production of Nitroglycerine In 1847, the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero discovered nitroglycerine. Though the explosive power of this chemical was much greater than gunpowder’s, it was incredibly difficult to handle and could explode unpredictably. Because of this, people avoided dynamite. In 1852, Nobel came back to work in his father’s business, which was successful because it worked with the Russian Army. In 1856, however, the Crimean War ended and the army cancelled its orders, leading Nobel and his father to look for new products to sell. Nobel and his father had heard of nitroglycerine from Professor Zinin, who had shown them nitroglycerine some time at the beginning of the Crimean War. They began working on nitroglycerine together.  One idea, for example, was to use nitroglycerine to improve explosives for Immanuels mines. However, Immanuel was not able to achieve any notable improvement. Nobel, on the other hand, made significant strides with the chemical. In 1859, Immanuel was facing bankruptcy again, and returned to Sweden with his wife and another of his sons. Meanwhile, Nobel stayed in St. Petersburg with his brothers Ludvig and Robert. However, his brothers soon focused on rebuilding the family business, eventually turning it into an oil empire called The Brothers Nobel. In 1863, Nobel returned to Stockholm and continued working with nitroglycerine. One year later, he filed a patent for the blasting cap, a detonator that could be ignited by lighting a fuse. This invention revolutionized the field of explosives, and was integral to the development of modern explosives. Nobel’s new blasting technique garnered significant attention from mining companies and the state railways, which began to use it in their construction work. However, a series of explosions involving the chemical- including one which killed Nobel’s brother Emil- convinced authorities that nitroglycerine was extremely dangerous. The use of nitroglycerine was banned in Stockholm, and Nobel continued to manufacture the chemical on a barge on a lake near the city. Despite the high risk involved in using nitroglycerine, the chemical had become essential to mining and railway construction. In 1864, Nobel began the mass production of nitroglycerine in Stockholm, founding companies throughout Europe. However, several accidents with nitroglycerine led authorities to introduce regulations restricting the manufacture and transport of explosives. Invention of Dynamite Nobel continued looking for ways to make nitroglycerine safer. During his experiments, he found that combining nitroglycerine with kieselguhr (also called diatomaceous earth; mostly made of silica) formed a paste which allowed the chemical to be shaped and detonated on command. He patented this invention in 1867, calling it â€Å"dynamite† after the Greek word for power (dynamis). The demand for Nobel’s dynamite surged. Since the user could control the explosions, it had many applications in construction work, including tunnel blasting and road building. Nobel continued building companies and laboratories all over the world, amassing a fortune. He developed other explosives as well, such as blasting gelatin- which had even more explosive power- and ballistite, a smokeless gunpowder. Though dynamite was Nobel’s main business, he also worked on other products, such as synthetic leather and artificial silk. Later Life and Death At the age of 43, Nobel advertised himself in a newspaper: â€Å"Wealthy, highly educated elderly gentleman seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household.† The Austrian countess Bertha Kinsky answered the call, but two weeks later she returned to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. Nobel and Bertha continued to correspond with one another even as she became increasingly critical of the arms race and he continued to work on explosives. He may have justified his decision to Bertha with the rationale that he could create something so destructive and terrible that it would stop all wars forever. Alfred Nobel died of a stroke on December 10, 1896 in San Remo, Italy. The Nobel Prize After Nobel died in 1896, his will stated that his fortune should be used for prizes in five categories: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. (The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, also known as the Nobel Prize in Economics, was established much later, in 1968.) His will was executed by two engineers, who formed the Nobel Foundation to coordinate Nobel’s finances and award the prizes. Nobel’s choices for scientific prizes may have been influenced by his background in science and invention. The founding of the peace prize may have been influenced by the peace activist Countess Bertha von Suttner, or his guilt for creating a material that was so destructive. After Nobel’s death, Bertha was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for her work. Sources Jorpes, J. Erik. â€Å"Alfred Nobel.† British Medical Journal, 1959, pp. 1–6.Livni, Ephrat. â€Å"The Nobel Prize Was Created to Make People Forget Its Inventors Past.† Quartz, 2 Oct. 2017, qz.com/1092033/nobel-prize-2017-the-inventor-of-the-awards-alfred-nobel-didnt-want-to-be-remembered-for-his-work/.Ringertz, Nils. â€Å"Alfred Nobel - His Life and Work.† Nature Reviews - Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 2, 2001, pp. 1–4.

Hong Kong Disneyland Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hong Kong Disneyland - Research Proposal Example The plan consists of establishing six concepts generalizing the whole theme park. These concepts include Main Street USA concept (which is the dramatic entry to the park), Fantasyland concept (which will highlight the Disney animated characters and stories), Toontown concept (that provides venue for the visitors to actually meet the Disney characters in a whimsical roller coaster), the Adventureland concept (which will highlight several of the movies produced by Disney such as the Lion King), the Frontierland concept (where the visitors will feel the breeze of the Old Western living), and the Tomorrowland concept (showcasing the world of sci-fi fantasies and adventure). The plan also includes three to four Disney - themed resort hotels offering up to 2,100 hotel rooms to be constructed adjacent to the Park. A variety of shopping and dining experiences within proposed 28,000-square-meter retail, dining, and entertainment complex is also part of the initial plan for overall Hong Kong D isneyland experience   The tourists from who visited Hong Kong Disneyland have varied feedbacks about the said tourist attraction. Some are satisfied with the theme park while there are some who thinks that this is just pure media hype. Some of the interviewed visitors revealed that: The site is very good. Having Disneyland here in Hong Kong, which is very near to my country, is a very good idea. Disneyland is very famous. Having this in Hong Kong means that we don't need to go to the US or to another country just to know what is inside Disneyland." - Akona Leh, from Shen Zhen China.